How Have Your Eating Habits Changed Since You Joined College?

Virginia Mwangi Name of institution Subject name September 24, 2011 Eating habits In a nutshell, I can describe the change in my eating habits since I joined college as transference from one distinct end of a continuum to the other. This is because they changed from healthy to unhealthy, regular to irregular and from eating in plentitude to small meals. The paucity of my pocket was partially responsible for the shift from plenty to minimal. With the little allowances my mom gave me for upkeep, no one was more adroit at achieving the intricate balance between my need to be stylish and food. Consequently, my meals were reduced to what may be considered by many as mere snacks. In essence therefore, the pounds I lost from eating less were compensated for adequately by my cheap but trendy dressing. On the other hand, it never really occurred to me that my college eating habits were a far cry from being healthy. The fact that mine were not exactly exceptional from those of the rest of the students contributed significantly to this. In addition, although we as students had a wealth of information on appropriate diets, we simply did not have a variety of nutrient packed food in our environment to choose from. Moreover, the readily available sumptuous fries retailed at student sensitive prices provided us with the impetus to eat unhealthy. The irregularity of my meals was not of my own making but was due to my hectic course schedule. Prior to joining college, I adhered to my meal times to the clock. However, this proved a daunting task in college since the time schedules did not strictly observe meal times. In particular, my tutorial schedule had the tenacity of coinciding with regular eating times. In conclusion, reflecting back on how my eating habits changed since I joined college makes my heart pause. In particular, the irregularity and paucity that came to characterize my meals was simply incredulous. The concept of eating healthy also seems to have been conspicuously absent as far as my eating habits in college were concerned.

Discuss and critically appraise how personal experience informed the political thought of Mary Wollstonecraft

Mary Wollstonecraft has been seen to be the founder of feminism, with radical ideas in terms of education, marriage and female emancipation. However it is necessary to consider what shaped those ideas, which lead to the emergence of feminism. It is necessary to consider what circumstances events and ideas circulating at the time influenced the politic thoughts of Mary Wollstonecraft. In order to understand what formed the basis of Mary's thoughts we will need to identify their thoughts in the context of a number of factors. Mary's ideas could be regarded as liberal feminism. Her ideas focused mainly around the individual woman and her rights. Her proposals were mainly for women's equality with men. Mary believed women should be treated like men and placed a lot of focus around women's education as being inferior to men's when in fact women were as intellectual as men and therefore should have a more equal education. Her reasoning for this was based around the idea that women need to be well educated to be successful mothers. Mary also emphasized in her writing the need for sexual freedom and argued how marriage could be dangerous to women as it leads to further oppression. Equality was needed in domestic relationships. However all though initially her focus was on equality for women it eventually shifted to equality of humanity. It needs to be contemplated that there are a number of influences in the ideas outlined above these include Mary's own personal experiences, social change and other events occurring at that time. Many people suggest that Mary's political views are ‘grounded in experience'; her personal life explains much about her proposals for women's equality, education, marriage and humanity. 1 Mary had a very varied background, she moved house six times in total with each time representing a downward social and economic mobility. This gave her insight into in to regional, class and gender divisions of eighteenth century Britain, enabling Mary to perceive class inequalities in society, and campaign for equality of every class rather than just women. In addition to this it could also be argued that another way in which her personal experience shaped her views on class inequalities was working for the kingsborough's, which allowed her to observe the lives of an affluent aristocratic family compared to the lower classes. This shaped her political thought in terms of her â€Å"resentment of the power and emptiness of privileged lives†2 and the injustice faced by the working classes. However It could be argued that Mary Wollstonecraft ideas were centred round achieving equality for middleclass women as much of her work is focused on how disadvantaged so called ladies of leisure are in having mere existences rather than equality faced by working class men and women. Mary still regarded women's domestic role as acceptable she believed women should still have the role of caring for children, family and other domestic duties; â€Å"mothers should stay at home and care for their children†. 3 It could be argued that this was because of the role she had to play in regards to her position in the family. For example, Mary had to leave her job as a lady's companion in 1781 to go back home to nurse her mother, which was considered as a female's role in her family. It is evident that her ideas of equal education were actually to enable women to become better mothers (she still saw women in a domesticated role), which could have stemmed from experience in her family of having such roles. Conversely it could be considered that her ideas for women still looking after children could be due to the values of society at the present time. A great deal of Mary's political thought was based around the education of girls. In her book entitled â€Å"Thoughts on the education of daughters† she reflects concern on adequacy of female education. She believed that women were constrained in their education compared with boys and it should therefore be more rational. It could be said that these ideas about the inadequacy of girl's education were based around her experiences of education. Mary attended a local day school for girls. Her school discouraged ‘to high notions' and attended to housewifery and morals to make girls such as Mary marriageable. It could be assumed Mary was an intelligent girl and she found her education â€Å"short and inadequate†3 this may have influenced her view about how inadequate women's education was and pushed her to campaign for reforming women's education. Mary gained knowledge in male dominated areas such as arithmetic, which showed to her that women could be just as capable as having the same knowledge as men. However it could be contended that rather than personal experience influencing her ideas on education her class ideology directed her ideas on reforming education. This could be shown in Mary's belief of selected education where the mechanically minded children should be placed in separate schools to those of superior abilities5, which was a typical attitude of the middle/upper classes. In her book ‘A vindication of the rights of women' Mary highlights her views on the subordination of women in society. Mary argues against the social forces that keep women ignorant and the superficiality they are encouraged to engage in6this enables men to remain dominant over women as women become physically and economically dependant on men. Mary believed that women needed freedom as they were being dominated by male patriarchy and in this sense were open to abuse by males. It seems apparent that the above ideas and assertions on male abuse and dominance of women stemmed from her own life experiences and those of her female relations as she witnessed male abuse to family around her; As a young girl Mary used to be subjected to witnessing her fathers drunken violence against her mother. By viewing her mothers abuse and helplessness Mary came to realise the lack of protection available to women. Her past experiences of her and her family may have also influenced her views on relations with males including marriage. In a letter to George Blood in 1789 Mary describes marriage as â€Å"legal prostitution†6. Mary had witnessed cruelty of men to her mother, sister and friend fanny in their marriages. She believed that her sister condition of ill health was due to the mistreatment of her husband; she took steps to help Eliza arrange legal separation. â€Å"On three different occasions Mary did see the lives of women ruined by cruel dissipated, husbands† (Bouten 1922:131). Witnessing the abuse faced by three people close to her in their marriages may have guided her ideas on marriage which she regarded as slavery and influenced her decision not to marry through most of her life. Alternatively it could be said that her ideas arose from the laws of society at the time, as there was little recourse from the victims of abuse. The laws also gave rights to the husband and took them away from women at the same time in the procedure of marriage. The norms of society may have therefore informed Mary's political thought as it made obvious inequalities in marriage and the dominance of women. There were some aspects of feminism that Wollstonecraft didn't consider such as legal property rights of women and voting rights. This may be due to her not experiencing these issues in her life, which further confirms her ideas were based around her personal experiences. However it has to be considered that her personal experience was not the only factor contributing to her political thought. In the 18th Century Mary was subjected to experiencing and participating in a series of social revolutions both in Britain and in France. One was enlightenment, which put reason as the focus of human identity and as the main justification of rights. 7 This may have influenced Mary's political ideas as she based her argument for equal rights on the fact that both men and women had the same human identity, which echoes the ideas of enlightenment. Britain was also experiencing rapid change with the industrial revolution. These rapid periods of change may have influenced Mary to challenge the existing social order regarding the position of women as traditional institutions and conceptions were being outgrown; â€Å"The time was ripe for an intellectual questioning of society†8. Although Wollstonecraft's feminist thought went against the traditional ideas of sexual opinion reflected in 18th century Britain, it could be argued that her political ideas actually reflected the spirit of innovation around at the time; â€Å"the century prior to the rights of women had seen a steady flow of writings by enlightened literati of both sexes arguing for higher valuation of woman's characters and an enhancement of female intellect and status†. In which case it could be said that Mary's political thought was informed by changes in society. It also has to be considered that the late eighteenth century there was an expansion in literature as a profession for women. 9 This may have encouraged the thoughts of Mary's, which may have developed due to her writing. It is possible that the French Revolution that begun in 1789 with its struggle for social justice also influenced her political ideas especially in terms of her ideas on the rights of humanity. Prior to the French revolution Mary concentrated on the rights and freedom of women, but later on changed her focus towards the rights of humanity as a whole including men, This lead to her considering the rights of women in terms of the rights of men. â€Å"Her vindication was that of men but in relation to men, the human race, and the entire human experience† 10. Therefore it could be argued that the revolution influenced the change of Mary's political ideals from concentrating on women to human kind. On the other hand it could be argued that the French Revolution did not influence Mary's ideas, which were primarily based on equality for women, as the new constitution of France did nothing to remove the inequalities between men and women. Many supporters of social justice in the French revolution were the most active opponents of women's rights. 11 Religion is another possible factor outside Wollstonecraft's personal experience that may have influenced her political thought. Wollstonecraft believed that education would make women more virtuous. This could be regarded as one of the reasons for her views on education of girls. Mary believed education would give women the chance to prove in the reality of good and evil and she put her faith in to the goodness of god. 12 Alternatively there is also reason to suggest that Mary Wollstonecraft wasn't religious as she rejected many religious doctrines such as pacifism of Christ. An alternative argument regarding the reasons behind Wollstonecraft's feminist thought is put forward by Freudian Psychiatrists. They argue the basis of her political thought was due to her hatred of men. â€Å"Hers was hatred of creatures that seemed capable of doing everything while women seemed to her capable to her of doing nothing†13 They therefore argue her feminist thoughts arose out of her illness of being neurotic and compulsive. 7 However it could be argued that Freudian analysis is subjective and therefore has no objective basis for explaining reasoning for Wollstonecraft's political ideas. Overall it is clear Mary had many painful experiences and experiences of social changes in her life, which helped shape her political views. Therefore it can be attained that personal factors influenced political thought, although it also has to be taken into account that her political thought was also influenced by outside factors such as social change and institutions such as religion. This coincides with concept of the â€Å"personal is political† where the experience of our personal lives are defined by broader political settings. To feminism personal experience such as that encountered by Mary can be seen as a valid way of knowing the social world and deriving political thought. However it could be argued that the experiences of Mary didn't provide a sufficient claim of truth, as it doesn't necessarily mean that Mary has political insight. Therefore it could be said that this isn't the most objective way to gain an insight into the political sphere of society.

From the Great Wall to the Pyramids

The Great Wall of China and the Egyptian Pyramids are both Manmade Wonders of the World and belong to two of the oldest civilizations. Ancient Egypt and ancient China both have history that date back over 4,000 years ago, and though the two civilizations co-existed simultaneously with one another, there were little contact between the two. Yet apart from some underlying differences, there are many similarities between the two cultures as is highlighted when examining the Analects and The Book of the Dead.On the surface, the social behavior and values emphasized in the Analects and The Book of the Dead resemble one another; however, upon closer examination it becomes apparent that the origin and purpose behind the actions different greatly. The purpose of the two literatures contrast due to the lifestyles and beliefs that were held during each of the corresponding civilizations. Though the texts preach similar values and achieve similar results in terms of human behavior, the factor t hat ignited the creation of these two historical pieces differ tremendously.The Analects was written by Confucius, also known as Kong Zi, who resided during the Era of Warring State, which was a sub-period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. This was a time of disunity and power struggle where the empire was divided into areas controlled feudal lords who desired to expand their land by conquering weaker neighboring states. In the midst of this, philosophies of humanity and order began to blossom, as people began to grow tiresome of the constant wars and chaos. Confucius emphasizes that, â€Å"If they [riches and honor] cannot be obtained in the proper way, they should not be held†(p. ). These philosophies flourished as people began wanting reforms towards a harmonious life. Confucianism contributed to the downfall of the Zhou Dynasty, bringing in new values and social behaviors to the civilization. The Book of the Dead, on the other hand, formed due to the Egyptians emphasis of the afterlife. The Ancient Egyptian society was centered on the Nile River that provided fertile soil for the Egyptians to be able to survive. They believed that this â€Å"gift† from the Nile was from the gods when the people found favor with them.To maintain the positive relationship with the Gods, and to insure a favorable afterlife, The Book of the Dead was created as a guide for the dead to pass over to the next life. A contrast can be drawn in what stemmed the creation for each of these texts. The Analects was created to bring about change in the Chinese Civilization while the Book of the Dead was designed to further the positive relationship Egyptian people had with the Gods. . Though the two texts have varying origins, similar values are emphasized throughout the two historical texts and the civilization as a whole.The Egyptian word â€Å"maat† is an important term in the Egyptian society and is seen throughout the Book of the Dead. It signifies not just truth, but also balance, justice, and order. The people are required â€Å"live on maat, and feed on maat† (p. 3), which further reveals that the people’s life revolve around order and truth. In a similar fashion, Confucius also emphasizes the revolving order of truth, education, and justice. In the Analects, Confucius instructs man to â€Å"recompense injury with justice, and recompense kindness with kindness†, an obvious dedication to not only justice and equality, but also sympathy.Further, Confucius reinforces that â€Å"the object of the superior man is truth, not food. † Similarly, the same parallel exists between the justice and equality aspect of the Analects and the â€Å"maat†, the order and truth, found in the Book of the Dead. Thus, the values conveyed in the Book of the Dead, for motivational purposes for a â€Å"good† afterlife, mirror the ones found in the Analects, as the common Chinese civilization also take to heart said values for t he benefit of society overall and to improve their current circumstances.Therefore, although there is a difference in origin and intention abiding by such values, it is hard to avoid the fact that the common values and social rules revolving around both civilizations’ societies closely resemble one another. Though the messages revealed in the two historical texts are similar, how the same objective is delivered differs, which in turn also affects the people’s lifestyle. The Book of the Dead provides of list of actions that must and must not be done, as it serves as a checklist of things the Egyptians must do before death such as, â€Å"I have not caused pain, I have cause no man to hunger, I have made no one weep.. (p. 1). The Analects instead provides words of wisdom and guidance for the people when making the decision like, â€Å"What you do not want done to yourself, do not to do others† (p. 1). This empowers the people to make the decision and to find what it right and wrong. Another factor that further emphasis the difference in what motivates the people to conduct good behavior is education. Confucianism seeks to emphasize the importance of education and provide the genesis of the concept of morality.In other words, the priority and heavy emphasis given to education by Confucianism exists to enable the education of right from wrong, and it is their belief that only through such truth and knowledge can one be conscious of choosing right over wrong. As an extension of that philosophy, Confucianism also argues that to know the ethics between right and wrong is essentially useless without applying and acting upon it. In contrast, the Book of the Dead doesn’t emphasize such an innate and acute developed sense of morality and ethics, and instead, dictates several rules of what to do and what not to do.The mystery or education needed to identify right from wrong is not necessary, and practically doesn’t exist, and instead a s imple adherence to discipline and obedience is the true test of their morality. In other words, the Egyptians did not place an emphasis of conscience or the development of ethics and morality, but instead places a greater emphasis on structured obedience, abiding by the rules stated in the Book of the Dead. All in all, it is no surprise that the two ancient civilizations live completely dissimilar lifestyles with contrasting beliefs, as they were isolated from one another.As the two began developing their culture, it is interesting to point out that their values and favored social conduct behavior ultimately became quite parallel. The emphasis in harmony, truth, and social order would not be prevalent in other societies, yet are in both the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Chinese civilizations. And yet, it is no doubt that their beliefs of the afterlife and motivation for following such conduct differs tremendously and is what gives each civilization their unique culture.

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Bio Comprehensive - Essay Example Its inner layer invaginates and form thylakoid disks that are arranged in stacks called "grana" where chlorophyll is concentrated and so with other pigment absorbing organs. The membranes are very much important in the process of photosynthesis of plants because it is where the organelles responsible for absorbing light (chlorophyll in chloroplast) are suspended or being housed One way to measure the efficiency of chloroplast when it is intact is through Fluorescence. This will be able to measure the chlorophyll in the flourimeter. The spectrum of fluorescence is different to that of absorbed light, with the peak of fluorescence emission being of longer wavelength than that of absorption. Therefore, fluorescence yield can be measured by exposing a leaf to light of defined wavelength and measuring the amount of light re-emitted at longer wavelengths. When transferring photosynthetic material from the dark into the light, an increase in the yield of chlorophyll fluorescence happens over a time period of around 1 s. This increase has then been explained as a consequence of reduction of electron acceptors in the photosynthetic pathway, downstream of PSII, notably plastoquinone and in particular, QA. Once PSII absorbs light and QA has accepted an electron, it is not able to accept another until it has passed the first onto a succeeding electron carrier (QB). Du ring this period, the reaction centre is said to be 'closed'. At any point in time, the occurrence of a fraction of closed reaction centers leads to an overall reduction in the efficiency of photochemistry and so to a matching increase in the yield of fluorescence. Our body part is made up of cells. These cells multiply in a process called cell division. If the division of the cells is having irregularities in number tumors develops. There will be too numerous divisions of cells. But what triggers human malignant cancers is due to mutations of both signal transduction pathways and in the mechanisms that control the cell cycle. Signal transduction responses are responsible for gene activation, manufacturing of metabolic energy, and cell movement. It has something to do with the cell activity. It has even something to do with the modification of the cell skeleton. Since it is responsible for gene activation it leads to gene expression as proteins. Gene activation leads to further effects, since genes are expressed as proteins, many of which are enzymes, transcription factors or other regulators of metabolic activity. Because transcription factors can activate still many genes in turn, an initial stimulus can trigger via signal transduction the expression of whole suite of genes and a panoply of physiolgical events. When there is a mutation of the pathway the expresion of genes also mutates. This mutation may lead to cancers. There sequence is sometimes affected by the mutation. In every expresion like GUC for example when mutated may lead to GUA and this does not mean the same as what GUC codes for. To determine a patient with cancer caused by mutation of the tranduction signal pathway, you can conduct mutation analysis. With this, you can be able to trace if the patient's cancer is cause mainly of his/her signal transduction being mutated. Enzymes are catalysts. Mostly of these are protein based. Enzymes attach temporarily to one or more of the reactants of the reaction they catalyze. In doing so, they decrease the amount of activation

Collaboration of Nurses on the Prevention and Management of Pressure Research Paper

Collaboration of Nurses on the Prevention and Management of Pressure Ulcers - Research Paper Example Because of this, it is necessary to gather relevant data while the measures are being implemented. This data will then be the basis of whether the use of that particular guideline will be continued or not. STEPS IN PREVENTING PRESSURE ULCERS UTILIZING LITERATURE REVIEW To use the obtained articles in order to derive the most up-to-date standard of care in preventing pressure ulcers, the main points of each of the studies were listed down. From the list, the common themes were put together, and these common themes, together with the other ones, were used to make a logical concept map regarding the best approach to take in preventing pressure ulcers, from the development of guidelines to their implementation. CONCLUSIONS FROM THE RESEARCH Both quantitative and qualitative studies have been conducted in order to determine the set of guidelines that work best in prevention of pressure ulcers, and most have recognized that the following of guidelines is dependent upon several factors. How ever, a change in behavioral attitude must be apparent from the development of guidelines down to its implementation (Armstrong, et al., 2008; Delmore, Lebovits, Baldock, Suggs, & Ayello, 2011), Prevention as priority In trying to prevent ulcers, a change in attitude, in that prevention of pressure ulcers becomes a priority for the patient care center, whether at hospital or at home, should be first and foremost. This is necessary in order to initiate the development and implementation of guidelines deemed effective for during patient care, which involves identifying and correcting flaws, as well as continuously reviewing procedures in place (Delmore, Lebovits, Baldock, Suggs, & Ayello, 2011) Making the guidelines: framework For those that have made the decision of making the prevention of pressure ulcers as priority, different sectors of the American healthcare industry have suggested a framework from which healthcare providers and caregivers can follow to provide the acceptable ca re for preventing pressure ulcers. This includes 1) providing the necessary information not only to caregivers but to patients as well, 2) facilitating communication between caregivers and patients, and 3) standardizing toolkits and protocols. All of these are necessary in the prevention of pressure ulcers among inpatients (Armstrong, et al., 2008). No specific standards have been provided to foster the development of a guideline specific for the needs and capabilities of the patient care setting. Catering guidelines to specific situations A guideline specific for the patient care setting to which it is meant to be used is important. In fact, according to experienced nurses, pressure ulcer prevention at home is more complex compared to that used in nursing homes and hospitals, in that it should consider whether 1) appropriate to the economic and insurance status of the patient, 2) done by at least one caregiver that has the ability to provide the suggested care to the patient, and 3 ) knowledge of supply vendors in order to obtain supplies and material needed in the care of patient (Bergquist-Beringer & Daley, 2011). In addition, guidelines should be easy for caregivers to use. Using protocols in documentation as analogy, Friesen, Vivanco, Haydaman, Hamel, & McLeod (2012) pointed out that despite the presence of a standardized guideline,

Keynesian Economic Policies and Its Effective Implementation During Research Paper

Keynesian Economic Policies and Its Effective Implementation During the Golden Age - Research Paper Example The increase in the level of liquidity in the economy resulted in increased production of goods thereby leading to higher GDP growth rates. The end of golden age prompted policymakers to resort to monetarist economic policies. Keynesian economic policies and its effective implementation during the Golden Age According to Keynes’ economic theory, the expenditure of one person leads to an income of another person. The purchase of goods and services from one person leads to the expense of another person. This expense results in the earnings of the person that has sold the goods or services. According to Keynes, this is the underlying theory for a circular exchange of money in the economy which leads to its smooth functioning (Hein and  Stockhammer, 2011, p.59). Keynesian economic policies state that the aggregate demand in the economy could be boosted by raising government expenditures. The increase in government spending would encourage private investment. This is supported by a rise in investment savings (IS). Thus the IS curve would shift from IS1 to IS2 as shown below. The IS-LM curve shown below is interpreted as follows. Due to a shift in the IS curve, the point of general equilibrium with the LM (liquidity preference and money supply) curve also shifts upward. This gives rise to a rise in interest rates from i1 to i2 as shown in the graph. Also, the liquidity level of the economy enhances due to rising in money supply from Y1 to Y2. After the great depression in 1929 and during the post world war period from 1945, the economy of the UK experienced unprecedented growth. The economic prosperity in the UK during this period of reconstruction and industrialization led to the emergence of the golden age which prevailed from 1945b to 1970s (Rollings and Middleton, 2002, p.5). This could be attributed to Keynesian economic policies. During the golden age, the policymakers banked on the underlying theories of Keynesian economics and increased government sp ending. The policymakers embraced government deficits and reduced government taxes in order to boost the income level and employment rates in the economy of the UK. Thus the government spending was increased in order to boost the productivity and demand of the economy in the UK (Tobin, 1989, p.27). The growth rate of GDP and per- capita income level increased rapidly. This was comparatively much higher with respect to the earlier phases of the economy. The income- level per person grew at the rate of 3.4% in the 1960s as compared to 2% in 1950s. The total productivity of labor increased doubly as compared to earlier stages in the economy. As compared to the last century, the GDP growth rates were also double. The trade volumes increased eight times as compared to the period before the World War. The growth of industries, total factor productivity, growth in the volume of trade and increase in capital stock led to booming conditions in the economy of the UK (King, 2003, p.60). Thus t he golden age during the period of 1945 to mid-1970s showed the effectiveness of Keynesian economic policies. The end of the Golden Age The golden age which existed in developed countries like the UK in the post world war period came to an end during the later stages of 1970.  

Courage in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

Courage in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Courage is rightly esteemed the first of human qualities because it is the quality which guarantees all others, (Winston Churchill). There are several different ways t be courageous. Harper Lee, in her 1960 novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, uses courage as a main theme. Harper Lee demonstrates that if one can tell the truth, change or remain rooted in their morals, they are a minority among people who lack the ability to do so. In To Kill a Mockingbird there are different characters that show it takes a certain amount of courage to tell the truth. When Dolphus Raymond said, You little folk wont tell on me now, will you? Itd ruin my reputation if you did, (Lee 227) after he showed the kids that is was Coke in his paper and not alcohol. It was to make the children feel better about the trial. He had the courage to tell the kids the truth, right when there was a whole lot of lying going on in the courtroom, and risked them spreading his story. Another great example is that Tom Robinson, during his trial, had the courage to tell the truth about why he regularly helped Mayella. When Mr. Gilmer asked Tom why he was so obliged to do Mayellas chores for free, Tom ruined any chance he had of winning the case by answering, I felt right sorry for her, she seemed to try moren the rest of em, (224). Back in the 1930s in the southern hills of Maycomb County, Alabama, where this story takes place, how dare a black man feel sorry for a white woman. The white citizens of the south believed that blacks were the lowest of the low. Lower than trailer trash, like the Ewells. What Tom said contradicted the mindset of the time and he died because of it. Not many characters have the strength to tell the truth, however some do and the make a world of change. Harper Lee, in To Kill a Mockingbird, shows the readers that having the ability to change is quite significant. Not everyone can, and change can take your life, shake it a bit and when its put back down you dont know if it is for better or for worse. Scout always used to get into fights. One day, Atticus asked Scout to stop fighting. Scout loves her father very much and doesnt want to disappoint him so she listened, no matter how much she got chided for it. When I committed myself to a policy of cowardice. Word got around that Scout Finch wouldnt fight anymore, her daddy wouldnt let her, (92). It was courageous of her to change because fighting was a big part of her life and her peers were sure to tease her. Another character that exemplifies the courage to change is Mrs. Dubose. She was addicted to morphine but had the courage to change for the final hours of her life, even though she knew she would die soon no matter what. I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. Courage is when you know youre licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what, (128). Mrs. Dubose had the courage to change and died content with herself. Its clear that you need to be courageous to change because not many characters change in this story. Maycomb was born in ignorance and Maycomb continued to live in ignorance. The most courageous acts in To Kill a Mockingbird occur when a character is alone in their morals and remain rooted in those morals no matter what. Atticus is a perfect example of someone sticking to their guns. The reason that he gives his children as to why he is defending the black man, Tom Robinson is, Before I can live with other folks, Ive got to live with myself, (120). A different example is at the end of the book, when Boo Radley kills Bob Ewell. Sherriff Tate sticks to his morals by reporting that Mr. Ewell fell on his knife. Sherriff Tate told Atticus that if Boo was charged with murder, the attention he would receive from the towns women would kill Boo. Another example of a character being steadfast in their morals is when Calpurnia, knowing that everyone is equal, takes Jem and Scout to the black peoples church. Some of the black folks werent very welcoming to the kids because they were white. Lula stopped, but she said, You aint got no business bringin white chillun here-they got their church, we got ourn. It is our church aint it Miss Cal? Calpurnia said, Its the same God aint it? (136). These characters truly are minorities. That is when they shine and are model citizens of Maycomb County. Seems like being alone, fighting for what they believe in, makes them stronger. In To Kill a Mockingbird, it is the characters that have the courage to stand out against racism and break the status quo of Maycomb County that are a minority among the characters that dont. Courage is one of the biggest themes in To Kill a Mockingbird and only a special few are able to possess it. As Reggie White said, God places the heaviest burden on those who can carry its weight.

Static Code Analysis

Static Code Analysis Jim Kielt Table of Contents (Jump to) 1.0 Analysis 1.1 Cross-Site Scripting: 239 vulnerabilities detected. 1.2 File Manipulation: 9 vulnerabilities detected. 1.3 SQL Injection: 4 vulnerabilities detected. 2.0 Bibliography Table of Figures Figure 1 RIPS results output for bWAPP Figure 2 Line of code from xss_json.php vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting detected by RIPS Figure 3 Returned message from xss_json.php Figure 4 Returned message from xss_json.php with a script being passed to the application. Figure 5 Returned message from secured xss_json.php with the script being passed to the application. Figure 6 Vulnerable to File Manipulation code detected by RIPS Figure 7 Link to uploaded file on unrestricted_file_upload.php showing path to uploads Figure 8 Attempted upload of a PDF file on unrestricted_file_upload.php Figure 9 Vulnerable to SQL Injection code detected by RIPS Figure 10 Message from SQL Injection on sqli_3.php 1.0 Analysis The open source project for analysis for source code vulnerabilities is The Buggy Web App or bWAPP. This application is deliberately insecure to help security experts and students of IT security learn about the vulnerabilities that exist on the Internet today, how they can be exploited and how they can then be secured. bWapp is a PHP application that makes use of a MySQL database. [1] To analyse the source code for vulnerabilities, a static source code analysis tool is required. RIPS is such a tool which is written in PHP and designed to find vulnerabilities in PHP applications. It transforms the PHP source code that it is analysing; into a programme model that can detect potentially vulnerable functions or sensitive sinks that could then be tainted by user input that causes vulnerabilities. [2] So a potentially vulnerable function in source code that uses a source containing user input creates a vulnerability. bWAPP is available as a virtual machine called buzz-box where it can run as a stand-alone web server on a lab/testing network. To analyse the buzz-box server, the RIPS application files need to be extracted to the buzz-box server’s document root i.e. /var/www/rips/. Then on the host machine’s browser, navigate to http://localhost/rips to bring up the main scanning page. The path to the file or directory and/or subdirectories to be scanned is entered along with some available options before the scan button is clicked. The available options for scanning are as follows: Verbosity level:1. User tainted 2. User, file and database tainted 3. User, file and database tainted secured 4. User, file and database untainted secured 5. Debug mode Vulnerability type: All or one of the following: Server-side all or one of the following: Code Execution, Command Injection, Header Injection, File Disclosure, File Inclusion, File Manipulation, LDAP Injection, SQL Injection, XPath Injection, and other. Client-side all or one of the following: Cross-Site Scripting and HTTP Response Splitting Unserialized / POP For the bWAPP analysys, /var/www/bWAPP was entered as the path with the subdirectories option checked. Verbosity level option 2 (User, file and database tainted) and vulnerability type option All was selected. After clicking the scan button, 198 files were scanned in the web directory and after just under a minute, the statistical output in figure 1 was generated. According to RIPS, the scanner works by tokenizing and parsing all of the PHP source code in the file or directory structure and tranforms the code into a program model which detects sensitive sinks that can be tainted by user input, the source throughout execution of the program. At a glimpse it can be seen that Cross-Site Scripting has been heavely detected along with some of the other top vulnerablilties found in web apps today. Of the 198 files scanned, 4251 sensitive sinks (vulnerable functions) were found of which 293 could be tainted by user input and therefore considered vulnerabilities. The three chosen vulnerabilites for futher analysis are as follows: 1.1 Cross-Site Scripting:239 vulnerabilities detected. Cross-site scripting (XSS) is an injection attack where malicious scripts can be passed through user input on to the web application to create undesired effects and generally performed through a client browser. An attacker can use his browser to use XSS to execute a malicious script to another browser user visiting the same page and have the script display unintended information or perform an unintended action. Because the user’s browser has no way to know if the script should be trusted or not, it has no option but to execture the script. The script or tainted data becomes embedded into the HTML output by the application and rendered by the users browser which can lead to website defacement, phishing or cookie stealing and session hijacking.[3] A potentially vulnerable function like echo() which prints data to the screen that uses a source like $_GET containing user input can create Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, e.g: $title = $_GET[title]; echo ($title]); The above code would display whatever the user enters and could therefore be exploited. To demonstrate the Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability in bWAPP, the focus is on the bWAPP/xss_json.php file/page. Figure 2 shows the code snipit where user input was found and marked by the scanner (white dots) as a potential entry point for exploitation. Line 34 of the program places unchecked user input straight into a function which causes the vulnerablility. Figure 2 Line of code from xss_json.php vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting detected by RIPS This page was opened in a browser and was titled ‘XSS-Reflected(JSON)’, displaying one textfield and a search button looking for the name of a movie to be entered. To test how this page works, ‘Spiderman’ was entered using the ‘Marvel’ hint ans submitted. The resulting message appeared below the textfield based on the input (see figure 3). Figure 3 Returned message from xss_json.php So the user input was displayed back in the output message which could mean that the input was probably unchecked. To test how the texfield responded to a simple script to display cookie information in an alert box, the following was entered and submitted: alert(document.cookie) The message this time did not display the entered script statement but instead tried to execute the script and displayed lines of the code from the page (see figure 4): Figure 4 Returned message from xss_json.php with a script being passed to the application. This message reveals information about the application that should never be dispayed and raises a security concern. A hacker could learn further how to exploit the application using this information. Mitigation: We should never trust user data entered into an aplication which needs to be screened for the likes of scripting code. All entered data should be encoded before being embedded into the output. HTML encoding converts untrusted user input into a safe format that can be used as output instead of executing as code in the browser e.g Converts ‘’ to ‘amp’. For PHP applications, HTML entity encoding is done via the htmlspecialchars() function which convert all special characters to HTML entities.[4] To encode any double or single quotation marks that could be interpreted by the application as code, the ENT_QUOTES parameter is used to prevent any injections and defining the correct charset prevents any special characters being used in the input e.g UTF-8 ASCII compatible multi-byte 8-bit Unicode. Line 34 shows the vulnerable code which was updated to incorporate the mitigation to make it secure. Vulnerable code: $title = $_GET[title]; Secure code: $title = htmlspecialchars ($_GET[title], ENT_QUOTES, utf-8); Once the code was secured, the same script code was entered and submitted and this time, the message showed the script statement in the message but this time treated it as a string and did not attempt to execute it (see figure 5): Figure 5 Returned message from secured xss_json.php with the script being passed to the application. 1.2 File Manipulation:9 vulnerabilities detected. File Manipulation can occur with Full Path Disclosure vulnerabilities where an attacker can see the path of a file in the url of a webapp, e.g. /var/www/htdocs/file. This gives the attacker a partial knowldege of how the application is structured or how the underlying operating system is arranged in order to mount different kinds of attacks. [5] Knowing the location of a particular file, the attacker could access and manipulate it by adding malicious code to compromise the webapp server or even upload an attack tool to that location. A potentially vulnerable function like move_uploaded_file() that uses a source like $_FILES directly from user input (upload) can create File Manipulation, e.g. move_uploaded_file($_FILES[file][tmp_name], images/ . $_FILES[file][name]); To demonstrate File Manipulation in bWAPP, the bWAPP/unrestricted_file_upload.php page was examined. Figure 6 shows the vulnerable code where unchecked user input (the selected file for upload) is used by the application. Figure 6 Vulnerable to File Manipulation code detected by RIPS When the page was opened in the broswer, a ‘Browse’ and ‘Upload’ button were displayed where an image file could be uploaded to the server. A test image file was uploaded and the resulting message returned the link to where the file is stored on the server. The link was followed to a directory called ‘images’in the bWAPP directory. Navigating to the images directory brought up a list of all files in the that directory (see figure 7). A PDF file was then selected and successfully uploaded so no file type check was in place. Effectively these files could be manipulated as described above or malicious files uploaded and executed like a webscript that take control of the server. Figure 7 Link to uploaded file on unrestricted_file_upload.php showing path to uploads Mitigation: Sensitive information like file locations should not be visable to the user and any path or file names displayed should be encoded to prevent leakage of this information. This could be achieved by changing the path and filename to a format that the server understands like a hashing function. The move_uploaded_file function should have the file checked that the files being uploaded are image files before being uploaded to the ‘images’ directory. Line 34 shows the vulnerable code which uploads any file to the ‘images’ directly without being firstly checked. The preg_match() function can be used to check for particular file extensions, in this case images file types, in a new $filename variable. [6] A file check statement was added to the vulnerable code that checks for the file type and will now only execute the original code as long as the file has the correct extension using an if statement. Line 166 uses the $file_error variable to determine if the upload is successful or not which determines the output, so $file_error is firslty set to an unsuccessful attempt message by default which is cleared if the correct file extension executes. Vulnerable code: move_uploaded_file($_FILES[file][tmp_name], images/ . $_FILES[file][name]); Secure code: $filename = $_FILES[file][name]; $file_error = Not an image file, try again; if(preg_match(/.(gif|png|jpg)$/, $filename)) { move_uploaded_file($_FILES[file][tmp_name], images/ . $_FILES[file][name]); $file_error = ; } Once the code was secure, another PDF file was browsed to and the ‘Upload’ button clicked and this time because the file is now firstly checked for file type and because pdf in not in the array of allowable files, the upload function does not execute (see figure 8): Figure 8 Attempted upload of a PDF file on unrestricted_file_upload.php 1.3 SQL Injection:4 vulnerabilities detected. SQL Injection attacks happen when SQL queries are successfully injected through user input data into the application that can reveal information about the database to allow for further attacks where the database can be modified by the insertion, updating and deletion of data. [7] The user input is crafted in such a way that it is interpreted by the application as SQL commands allowing the attacker contol over the database in even the operating system itself. A potentially vulnerable function like mysql_query() that uses a source like $_POST containing user input can create SQL Injection e.g $login = $_POST[login]; $password = $_POST[password]; $sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . $login . AND password = . $password . ; $recordset = mysql_query($sql, $link); To demonstrate the SQL Injection in bWAPP, the bWAPP/ sqli_3.php page was examined. Figure 9 shows the vulnerable code where unchecked user input is used by the application. Figure 9 Vulnerable to SQL Injection code detected by RIPS When this webpage is loaded, it shows a login screen for ‘superhero’ credentials requesting a login and password. A basic test for web applications for SQL Injection is the entering of the following command in place for the username and/or password: or 1=1 The single quote is interpreted by the web application as a special character in SQL which allows for the additional condition to the SQL command 1=1 which is of course always true and the double hyphen is intrepreted by the web application as a comment which closes off the query. When the or 1=1 statement is entered into the login and password fields, a welcome note is displayed (see figure 10): Figure 10 Message from SQL Injection on sqli_3.php This shows that this web page is vulnerable to SQL Injection attacks which uses unchecked user input directly by the application which could be exploited in compromising the server. Mitigation: The most successful defence against SQL injections is to never use user input directly in the application and to use parameterized queries (prepared statements) instead — which is supported by most languages — and to avoid using dynamic SQL queries or SQL queries with string concatenation. For PHP the mysql_real_escape_string() function can be used to escape special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement. Lines 137 and 137 of the code takes in the user inputs which are executed in the SQL statement in line 140 which is the vulnerable code really is. By implementing the mysql_real_escape_string() function into the code it will escape any special characters. [8] Vulnerable code: $sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . $login . AND password = . $password . ; Secure code: $sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . mysql_real_escape_string($login) . AND password = . mysql_real_escape_string($password) . ; Once the code was secured, the or 1=1 statement was entered again into the login and password fields and this time instead of getting the previous message as above, the invalid message displayed (see figure 11) Figure 11 Message after attempted SQL injection on secured sqli_3.php 2.0 Bibliography [1] itsecgames. 2015. itsecgames. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.itsecgames.com/. [Accessed 19 February 2015]. [2] RIPS free PHP security scanner using static code analysis. 2015. RIPS free PHP security scanner using static code analysis. [ONLINE] Available at: http://rips-scanner.sourceforge.net/. [Accessed 19 February 2015]. [3] Cross-site Scripting (XSS) OWASP. 2015. Cross-site Scripting (XSS) OWASP. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/XSS. [Accessed 19 February 2015]. [4] PHP: htmlspecialchars Manual . 2015. PHP: htmlspecialchars Manual . [ONLINE] Available at: http://php.net/manual/en/function.htmlspecialchars.php. [Accessed 25 February 2015]. [5] Full Path Disclosure OWASP. 2015. Full Path Disclosure OWASP. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Full_Path_Disclosure. [Accessed 02 March 2015]. [6] PHP: preg_match Manual . 2015. PHP: preg_match Manual . [ONLINE] Available at: http://php.net/manual/en/function.preg-match.php. [Accessed 25 February 2015]. [7] SQL Injection OWASP. 2015. SQL Injection OWASP. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/SQL_Injection. [Accessed 19 February 2015]. [8] PHP: mysql_real_escape_string Manual . 2015. PHP: mysql_real_escape_string Manual . [ONLINE] Available at: http://php.net/manual/en/function.mysql-real-escape-string.php. [Accessed 25 March 2015].

Analysis of Women Characters in Victorian Literature

Analysis of Women Characters in Victorian Literature The common line of criticism made on Anne and Emily Brontes works reflects the widespread belief that the female characters are victims of male cruelty. Critics of the Bronte novels have highlighted a pattern of male dominance and female oppression. For example, Arlene Jackson, in The Question of Credibility in Anne Brontes The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, elaborates on womens powerlessness and male selfishness in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. In the same vein, Juliet McMaster, in her article Imbecile Laughter and Desperate Earnest in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, criticizes the male oppression of the woman in the novel which, she argues, is emblematic of the general treatment of women as they were given no voice in society. In addition, in Hapless Dependants, Women and Animals in Anne Brontes Agnes Grey Grey, Maggie Berg has equated the treatment of women to the treatment of animals by which women are relegated to a secondary position where they can form no true sense of the self. This trend of viewing women as the victims of male hegemony makes it challenging to market the idea that these female characters do, in fact, have enormous power that they utilize in their relationships with men. Therefore this research proposal uses Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights and Anne Brontes Agnes Grey and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall to issues pertaining to female behavior and male response that will indicate the extent of this female power. Through their strong wills, purposes, and desires, women characters in these novels often form mens characters, and define their behaviors. For example, in Wuthering Heights, Catherines headstrong and rebellious ways are partially responsible for Heathcliffs antisocial behavior, and it is through Catherines ideas of how men should behave and react to her demands that Heathcliffs character is formed and which leads him to his madness at her death. In Agnes Grey, Miss Murray manipulatively portrays women in a manner that makes Mr. Hatfield v iew women as helpless creatures in their need for rescue, protection, and provision. In light of this argument, how does the womans figuration of the patriarchal male character affect both the man and the woman,? Does this power result in ramifications for the woman as well? Are women aware of the power that they wield, and if they are, why do they blame the man for relationship problems? In my dissertation, I use evidence from the Bronte novels to show that it is womens unwillingness to engage in self-awareness and accountability that contributes to variant male behavior and perceptual outcomes. To that end, I argue that women have far more influence and power than is acknowledged by critics and this power and influence consistently contributes to the formation of male thinking and behavior. Summary Women have natural power in them. This power is not something magical or supernatural; it is part of their femininity. Women have intrinsic power by virtue of being women. In other words, a womans femininity is her powerful tool. Once used, this inherent power may constitute a strong weapon that influences mens lives either positively or negatively. An in-depth study of the emergence, construction, and outcome of female influence on men within myriad contexts is a sure way of vindicating the existence of this female power. Applying this theory to three British novels written by Emily and Anne Bronte Wuthering Heights, Agnes Grey, and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall- this study will draw important correlations between female abilities, capacities, and innate talents and the use of these elements to alter or supersede male potentialities. For example, Catherines misuse of her natural female strengths and talents is used to override Heathcliffs reticence against and desire to withdraw from her controlling manipulation, culminating in tragedy for both characters. Additionally, in Agnes Grey, the protagonists yearning for independence and power has influence on both men and women. Similarly, female power and control in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is measured through Helen Grahams interactions with the men in her life. In this novel, Bronte reveals this power and manipulative awareness in her protagonist, but the theme remains intact: women often have inordinate amounts of power and control over men in myriad realms of their lives. In light of this argument, the purpose of this dissertation is to explore the aforementioned three novels to show the outcome of the immense power possessed by women. These powers possessed by females are mainly psychological. In other words, they affect the intellectual, spiritual, emotional and interpersonal world of men with different outcomes for both genders. Introductory Statement of Background, Purpose and Thesis I will analyze The Tenant of Wildfell Hall and Agnes Grey by Anne Bronte and Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights with the aim of showing how they developed female characters whose power influence the men around them. The analysis will prove that this female power and influence affects the intellectual, spiritual, emotional and interpersonal world of men with different outcomes for both genders. The purpose of this study will involve comparing three British novels, written by sisters, whose female characters effect masculine changes, behaviors, and affect the outcomes of various situations. Demonstrating the application of feminine power in relationship dyads will support the hypothesis that women can manipulate, control, and cause harm to men and, through them, socio-political constructs which affect everyone. In addressing the research problem, a thorough review of the selected works, combined with a thorough literature review of existing studies will serve to show how this use of power manipulates or affects outcomes. My research topic is intended to be a significant contribution to socio-cultural, gender-based, and psychological awareness of conflict source and resolution. In other words, it will contribute to understanding the origins or beginnings of problematic relationships between men and women, and suggest how these problems can be solved. While the literature is rife with widely diverse discourse and study on feminism, the body of knowledge is seriously deficient in considering the research problem. That is because this issue requires a major paradigmatic change since the major outcomes of feminism have tended to reject feminine limitations while creating male-opposition toward many of its tenets. Signe Arnfred exposes a practical sense of feminine power in a non-western setting in her article entitled Sex, Food and Female Power: Discussion of Data Material from Northern Mozambique. In this article, she shows how women in a certain part of the world harness their mastery of feminine chores in both reproduction and family into a power tool that calls for respect from men (141). It is vital to note that what the characters in the Bronte novels do is not so much removed from what Arnfred tries to show in her article. The setting and tool might be different, but the game is the same. Arnfreds and the two Brontes women play on one critical point; namely the mans need. Man is need for womens domestic duties and reproductive function as well as their emotional interest. As the women in Arnfreds article employ this need to gain power, the Brontes women make use of the mens emotional need for to them as powerful tool. Abstaining from performing the chores (Arnfreds women) or paying attention (Brontes women) can have serious influence on the man. For example, in Wuthering Heights, Catherine leaves Heathcliff for Edgar, a move that creates confusion and antagonism between Edgar, Heathcliff and Isabella and ultimately leads to Heathcliffs madness. Had Catherine not chosen to withdraw her attention from Heathcliff, he would not have experienced the emotional turmoil th at he experienced. The question that may arises then is, was it within Catherines power to control the events through avoiding any association with Edgar? The answer to this is in the affirmative, and therefore she sought to push Heathcliffs emotions to the edge of a cliff. In fact, male dominance was common in Victorian times, as was female servility; But it is this servility that supported the dominance. Critics of the Bronte novels have noticed the male dominance in these novels, and identified the role women play in perpetuating this dominance. The feminine role in the advancement of male dominance is a power in itself, which, if withdrawn, can have a regulatory outcome on male behavior. In the article The Question of Credibility in Anne Brontes The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Arlene Jackson points out that, Anne Bronte also answers a question that other novels of her time do not ask: what happens to a marriage and to the innocent partner when one partner (specifically, the male) leads a solipsistic life, where personal pleasures are seen as deserved, where maleness and the role of husband is tied to the freedom to do as one wants, and femaleness and the role of wife is linked to providing service and pleasure not necessarily sexual, but including daily praise and ego-boosting and, quite simply, constant attention (203). On the surface, Jackson is asserting that powerlessness is another way of describing women. This is how she decodes the message that Anne Bronte is sending to society through her book. Obviously, numerous people agree with this position, considering the woman to be the victim, suffering silently without a means of escape from the cruel clutches of the man. But this is not the case because in the process of praising someone, there is the knowledge that the praise can be withheld. There is also the knowledge that the praise can lead to dependency as well as other undesirable manifestations of character that may be harmful to both the person lavishing praise, who is the woman, as well as the man, who is the recipient of the praise. An objective analysis of the message from Jackson reveals that men have a certain degree of dependency on the lavish praise they are showered with by women. As much as Jacksons work may have been an attempt to show the credibility of Anne Brontes literary skills, she helps in the identification of areas of female power that is sometimes wrongly interpreted to enhance female servitude and perpetuate male dominance. In the Bronte novels, it is not just praise that men get from women that create an atmosphere of dependency. As shown by Helen Graham, men can become dependent on the love they get from women. For example, under the chapter entitled Miniature, Anne Bronte shows how after showering Mr. Huntingdon with attention, she withdraws it, an act that upsets him. Maggie Berg, in her Hapless Dependants, Women and Animals in Anne Brontes Agnes Grey argues that, in a patriarchal society where women are faced with challenges of identity, expression and recognition- the general treatment of women is implied to be like the treatment of animals. This position is also shared by another critic of Anne Brontes The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Juliet McMaster, who takes the position that the Victorian period was characterized by a huge power imbalance that tilted heavily in favor of men. In her article entitled Imbecile Laughter and Desperate Earnest in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, McMaster talks of a Victorian power structure that did not allow women to have a say in society. All things were done according to the rules set by men for everyone (368). However Berg and McMasters view is harsh and seems to suggest that women have no place in their society. In support of the position that goes against this perception, several published works that have a stand on womens power in relation to men will be examined too. For example Naomi Wolfs critically acclaimed book entitled Fire with Fire: The New Female Power and How to Use it deconstructs McMaster and Jacksons positions on female victimhood. Wolf believes that women have always had more power than men. The biggest problem according to her is that women have not mastered the art of utilizing this power for their benefit (23-25). She further disagrees with women whose time is spent agonizing over a male dominated society where every woman is a victim (56). Evidently, Wolf is not ready to buy into the ideas of Jackson and McMaster. The areas where the latter two see oppression and injustice, the former sees opportunity and freedom that has not been seized by women. Wolf provides solid examples of women who have managed to live happily through the realization that female power is sufficient to combat what has come to be known as male dominance. She points out that politics, business, and family life are all potential areas of female excellence if women meet fire with fire and learn to use some of the tactics men use to manage affairs in society (34). This is the basis of her phrase, fire with fire. Applied to Brontes novels, Wolfs principles would appeal to female characters to not only be aware of how powerful they are, but also how to productively utilize these powers. Wolfs belief in the existence of feminine power greatly contributes to my thesis. Agnes, Helen, and Catherine, in addition to other female characters in the novels, are not the weak victims some critics view them to be. They are women who enjoy a great level of power that they use to influence their surroundings. Another female scholar who has done research on the issue of female power and influence is Margaret Beetham. In an article entitled Thinking Back Through our Mothers Magazines: Feminisms Inheritance from Nineteenth-Century Magazines for Mothers, Beetham, whose main objective is to survey the motherhood oriented magazines that existed in the nineteenth century, makes a refreshingly different statement based on what she discovers in the magazines she reads. As much as there was injustice in society during a greater part of the Victorian period, there was the acceptance that women were equal to men, but different. The admission of equality in these magazines that were published for mothers shows that the empowering element for women was present. What lacked was the will to pursue the path of equality through the elimination of obstacles that made it difficult for women to enjoy the trappings of a free life. It helps to point out that the writers and publishers of the magazines that Margaret Beetham analyzes in her work were both men and women, with most of them being in the hands of women. The significance of this is that women had access to the tools for empowerment as early as the Victorian time, a period that is attacked as highly paternalistic and patriarchal. This point is shared by Lisa Duggan and Nan Hunter. In Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture, the authors poignantly state that man and woman have always tried to live as a united pair, but the truth is that each is pulling in a different direction. The struggle is purely power based and is largely to blame for much of the s uffering that goes on in society (19-21). My study will be unique in the sense that it will depart from the traditional feminist readings and exegeses like that of Jackson and McMaster and utilize the arguments of the kind proposed by Wolf and others cited above. The dissertation will prove the existence of female power and influence in Victorian society, a society that is typically known as purely chauvinistic. Even in this analysis, my study will also go beyond the stress on the female power in the political and economic spheres as perpetuated by Arnfred, Wolf and Beetham. In contrast, I will focus on the psychological and personal dimension of feminine power. Through the critical examination of the Bronte novels, I will show that the power and influence held by women is not the literal political or physical power that society is used to, but rather the psychological one. It is partially the psychological dependency that men have on women that gives women the ability to manipulate circumstances and conditions in ways that can simultaneously hurt and heal both parties. I will use feminist theory to deconstruct the myth it perpetuates about the hegemony of man and the victimhood of woman. I will also use psychoanalytic theory to highlight the psychological power and influence women have on men. Through analyzing the three novels and borrowing from the other available materials and the theoretical framework, my study will purposefully prove that women have natural power and abilities. When these innate characteristics are applied to the intellectual, spiritual, emotional and interpersonal world of men, this power can control and define the opposite sex, with various results for both genders. The Design Chapter Summaries Introduction The introduction will set the pace of the dissertation by giving the background to my thesis. In this sense, the introduction will focus on reviewing the prevailing critical views that I will challenge in my dissertation. The aim will be to set up the idea that the dominant critical perspective views women as victims who are mistreated by men, a position that will be deconstructed in the later chapters of my dissertation. Such critical claims will include Arlene Jacksons The Question of Credibility in Anne Brontes The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Juliet McMasters Imbecile Laughter and Desperate Earnest in The Tenant of Wildfell Hal, and Maggie Bergs Hapless Dependants, Women and Animals in Anne Brontes Agnes Grey among others. Equally important, the introduction will survey some critical views that support the thesis. These include, Marilyn Graman and Maureen Walshs The Female Power Within: A Guide to Living a Gentler, More Meaningful Life and Dan Abramss Man Down: Proof Beyond a Reasona ble Doubt That Women Are Better Cops, Drivers, Gamblers, Spies, World Leaders, Beer Tasters, Hedge Fund Managers, and Just About Everything Else. In addition, Laura Donaldsons Decolonizing Feminisms: Race, Gender Empire Building will be used to reinforce the thesis. The rationale behind this literature review is to set the parameters that my study departs from and challenges. This departure will be illustrated in the chapters that follow. Chapter 1: The Bronte Women: The Dominant View This is the opening chapter of the dissertation. The purpose of this chapter will be to set the tone and lay the argument that will be refuted in later chapters. Thus, the focus will be on the picture painted in the three novels as far as women are concerned. The three sisters books present women as the abused and mistreated members of the society. For example, in Wuthering Heights, Catherine is depicted as a victim of Heathcliffs desires. Similarly, in Agnes Grey, the protagonists mother is portrayed as the gentle, loving woman who gives up her high life for the love of a poor man, Agness father. In The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Helen is shown as a victim not only of Arthur but also Gilbert, who is shown as the angry and irrational man who whips Lawrence and hurts Helen feelings on mere suspicion that she would be allowing Lawrence to court her while knowing that Markham is already into her. The chapter will review such depiction of women in the three novels in details. However, the point that will be highlighted is that a careful analysis of some of the events in the books enables the keen reader and analyst to have a more profound view of women, a view that shows that they are not the submissive women intended or viewed to be. Since the dissertation is about the provision of evidence towards the position that women are not the victims of male hegemony as they are thought to be, this first chapter will be critical in setting up the issue that will be opposed by use of analysis of both these primary sources as well as other credible secondary sources. In this regard, the link between this first chapter and the rest of the dissertation is that it will lay the foundation for the entire dissertation through the establishment of the contested opinion, which the rest of the dissertation will tear down, while building the alternative view. Chapter 2: The Bronte Women: The Hidden Face As chapter 1 illustrates the traditional analysis of the Bronte women, chapter 2 will provide a dissenting analysis to that proposed in the first chapter. Hence this chapter comes to form the crux of the dissertation as it elaborates on the thesis. The three Bronte novels will be critically analyzed in order to portray the often unseen powers of women. Areas where the female power appears in these novels will be highlighted to substantiate the assertion that women are not victims of male domination and abuse, but powerful members of the society whose powers, though not physical, can bring either unimaginable destruction or ultimate redemption. A careful analysis of the events and characters will be conducted to supports this assertion. For example, in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights, Catherines misuse of her natural female strengths and talents is used to override Heathcliffs reticence against and desire to withdraw from her controlling manipulation, culminating in tragedy for both characters. In Anne Brontes The Tenant of Windfell Hall, Mrs. Helen uses her feminine power to emotionally abuse Mr. Huntingdon through the withdrawal of her affection, which leaves him mad and angry. Another example of the powerful nature of women is shown by Miss Murray who is determined to use her feminine power to ensnare Mr. Weston into falling for her before she gets married to Mr. Hatfield, to whom she is already engaged. Agnes aptly describes Mr. Weston as Miss. Murrays victim (Bronte 212). Susan McKernans article entitled Feminist Literary Theory and Womens Literary History: Contradictory Projects, will be used to create a critical dialogue in this chapter. The article illustrates how some women have sought to absolve females from all that goes wrong in relationships in particular and society in general. My argument in this chapter goes against this contention and proves that women are active participants in relationship management. Another powerful secondary source that will be used in this chapter is Laura Donaldsons Decolonizing Feminisms: Race, Gender Empire Building. This carefully written book will reinforce the thesis by showing how female power has more potential that most people in society are willing to accept. It will therefore support the idea that women can only be victims of men domination willingly or unknowingly, but otherwise, they ought to have the potential to stand up for themselves. In connection to the entire dissertation, this chapter brings up the theme of the paper. It agrees with the thesis and validates the argument. Chapter 3: Female Power: When Women Admit It This chapter will support the theme of the dissertation through the usage of female voices in proving the existence of female power. The aim is to show that the claim made in the dissertation is largely shared by women themselves, and therefore has credence to it. There is no better way to confirm that someone is in possession of something than that person coming out and admitting it himself or herself. This is what this chapter does by allowing female voices to come out and assert that women are indeed powerful in their own right. The use of these female voices will be targeted towards proving the thesis with reference to the major primary sources. Examples on the secondary sources include Signe Arnfreds article entitled Sex, Food and Female Power: Discussion of Data Material from Northern Mozambique. As illustrated elsewhere in the proposal, this reference will be used to prove how the Bronte women may take advantage of the mans need to exercise their power. Another secondary source that will used in this chapter is Margaret Beethams Thinking Back Through our Mothers Magazines: Feminisms Inheritance from Nineteenth-Century Magazines for Mothers. Her article is a clear admittance that woman had access to the tools for empowerment in the Victorian period. Equally important is Naomi Wolfs book, Fire with Fire: The New Female Power and How to Use it. Along with Beethams analysis, Wolfs argument greatly contributes to my thesis. As mentioned above, it substantiates the idea that Agnes, Helen, and Catherine, in add ition to other female characters in the novels, are not the weak victims some critics view them to be. They are women who enjoy a great level of power that they use to influence their surroundings. Further careful analysis of the primary sources will be done in this chapter to substantiate this point. For example, in Wuthering Heights, Catherines headstrong and rebellious ways are partially responsible for Heathcliffs antisocial behavior, and it is through Catherines ideas of how men should behave and react to her demands that Heathcliffs character is formed and which leads him to his madness at her death. In Agnes Grey, Miss Murray manipulatively portrays women in a manner that makes Mr. Hatfield view women as helpless creatures in their need for rescue, protection, and provision. The reference to the primary sources and connection to the overarching theme will provide the necessary flow and linkage for this chapter to the rest of the paper. In more precise terms, the women voices used to reinforce the thesis provide a connection to the second chapter which endeavors to show that women are not victims but powerful individuals. It also provides the groundwork for the following chapter which surveys the impact of the womens realization or lack thereof of feminine power. Chapter 4: Female Power: Realization by Women or Lack Thereof This chapter surveys the effects that emanate from the discovery by some women that they are in possession of immense powers. It also looks at what happens when some women fail to realize that they indeed have these feminine powers that the dissertation seeks to prove that they indeed exist. Again, Naomi Wolfs book, Fire with Fire: The New Female Power and How to Use it will be of great significance to this chapter as she argues that the realization of this power provides a solution for the supposed male dominance. In addition, The Least Angelical Poem in the Language: Political Economy, Gender, and the Heritage of Aurora Leigh  by L.Dalley will also be used. Dalleys article gives insight into the Victorian womens power and thus annuls any contention for the absence of this power in women even in the supposedly most patriarchal society. Once again, this will be done with reference to Bronte novels. The focus will be on how the Bronte females realization of their potential or lack thereof creates a great difference for themselves and for the men in touch with them. The instances where women have realized how powerful they are and used this knowledge to accomplish certain actions will be dealt with. For example, Helens realization of her artistic talent encourages her to leave her husband as it constitutes a source of income. In the same vein, Agness belief in her potential for leading an independent life make her start her venture as a governess, which adds to her experience and potential. In relation to the other chapters, this chapter will be a final verdict that indeed women have powers as it will demonstrate what happens when these powers, which chapters two and three will have shown exist, are put into use by those who know of their presence, or not used, by women whose ignorance insulates them from knowing the powers at their disposal. To a large extent, this chapter legitimizes the dissertation as it takes the argument to the level of observing the outcome of what the thesis claims. At this stage, the argument is not about whether women have powers or not, but about what happens when these powers are or are not used. Conclusion The conclusion will restate the thesis as has been validated through the argument in the preceding chapters. The major ideas that are raised in support of the thesis and some of the readings, both primary and secondary, that have supported or opposed the argument will be briefly revisited. All in all, the conclusion will emphasize the validation of the thesis as logically put through the dissertation chapters. Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Bronte, A.  The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. New York: Harper Brothers. 1999. Brontà «, C., Brontà «, E., Brontà «, A. The Brontà « Sisters: Three Novels.  New York: Penguin Books. (2009).   Secondary Sources Abrams, Dan. Man Down: Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt That Women Are Better Cops, Drivers, Gamblers, Spies, World Leaders, Beer Tasters, Hedge Fund Managers, and Just About Everything Else .New York: Abrams Image.2011. Based on evidence borrowed from the social and business world, Dan Abrams presents a powerful narrative of how women are better players in different games of life. This message resonates well with the thesis whereby it supports the claim that women have powers that can be a force for good or evil, depending on their usage. This is in opposition to the view that women are victims in society, whose suffering in the hands of men is evident throughout history. Berg, M. Hapless Dependents: Women and Animals in Anne Brontes Agnes Grey.  Studies in the Novel, 34(2), 177+. (2002). Comparing animals to the oppressed nature of women under a patriarchal society, Berg provides a viable contrast to Greys perceived fall from a moral governess to one who commoditizes relationships as she comes to see animals in relationship to food. This perspective will provide catalysts to the thesis since Agnes Grey is largely considered a non-philosophical text but has deep undercurrents to feminine power and control. Beetham, Margaret. Thinking Back Through our Mothers Magazines: Feminisms Inheritance from Nineteenth-Century Magazines for Mothers. Nineteenth Century Gender Studies. Issue 6.2, Summer 2010. Web. March 18, 2011. This article gives a picture of how mothers lived in the 19th century. This information is largely based on magazines, and the overarching message is that women were not under the apron strings of men with limited authority. Therefore, this article is part of the evidence that the is needed to validate the thesis. Braithwaite, W. S. The Bewitched Parsonage: The Story of the Brontes. New York: Coward-McCann. (1950).   Braithwaite provides germane insights into the lives of the Bronte sisters which informs their writing and perception of the world around them as well as their own influence and power (or lack thereof) in their lives. This work will contribute valuable insights into the sisters defenses, perceptions, and belief systems among an unusually tragic set of circumstances. Bump, J. The Family Dynamics of the Reception of Art.  Style, 31(2), 328+. (1997). Bumps article has been selected for this work due to his exploration of the self as it applies to understanding and applying the work of the Bronte sisters. A socially isolated and individualistic view of the self that precludes the possibility of enduring attachments or responsibilities to another (328) fully informs the thesis upon which this work is grounded. Coontz, Stephanie. A Strange Stirring: The Feminine Mystique and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s .New York: Basic Books.2011. Stephanie Coontz is responding to the work of Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique. She agrees with Friedan that women may have undergone suffering in society, but they had the powers to alter these circumstances. Therefore, this book is in line with the assertion made in the thesis. Dalley, L. L. The Least Angelical Poem in the Language: Political Economy, Gender, and the Heritage of Aurora Leigh.  Victorian Poetry, 44(4), 525+. (2006). A decidedly secondary, perhaps even tertiary source to this work, Dal

Sweatshop Abuse and MIT’s Prospective Actions in Pursuit of Internation

Sweatshop Abuse and MIT’s Prospective Actions in Pursuit of International Labor Justice The term â€Å"sweatshop† refers to those factories relying on the exploitation and abuse of workers. Often (although not always) located in developing countries, these factories have been frequented by independent university researchers, who have published numerous accounts of worker imprisonment and physical abuse, as well as economic evidence revealing that many of these factories pay wages so small that their workers cannot live outside poverty. Several factories use horrific labor practices, and many factory workers have also been severely burned or mutilated in the workplace, while women among the labor population have often been forced to take birth control or abort their pregnancies (Given, 1997; Fernandez, 1997). The health burdens placed upon sweatshop workers have been extensively documented, and include exposure to noxious fumes, organophosphate compounds, and silica dust, resulting in record high cancer, asthma, bronchitis, pneumoconiosis, and leukemia rates in ma ny regions because workers aren’t provided with masks and gloves (Kim et al., 2000). These abuses are neither just nor irreconcilable, but many people believe that sweatshops are an economic necessity and will come to pass on their own with economic development. Closer examination of both the social and economic dimensions of sweatshop labor, however, reveals this presumption to be far from the truth. Most objections to anti-sweatshop action stem from the idea that sweatshop jobs are the best opportunities available to people living in poor conditions. â€Å"They keep coming back day after day, so they must want these jobs.† Trying to make the jobs better will simply me... ..., February). Sweat Shop Workers Struggle in New York’s Chinatown. Z Magazine. Kim, Jim Yong et al. (2000). Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor. Cambridge: Common Courage Press. Meyer, Karl (1997, June 28). Editorial Notebook. The New York Times. Mort, Jo-Ann. (1996, Fall). Immigrant Dreams: Sweatshop Workers Speak. Dissent. Richburg, Keith B. & Swardson, Anne. (1996, August 5-11). Sweatshops or Economic Development? Washington Post National Weekly Edition. Rosen, Sonia A., Jaffe, Maurren, & Perez-Lopez, Jorge. (1997). The Apparel Industry and Codes of Conduct: A Solution to the International Child Labor Problems. Upland, PA: Diane. Ross, Andrew. (1997). No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers. New York: Verso. Salomon, Larry. (1996, September/October). Sweatshops in the Spotlight. Third Force.