Water and Air Pollution in Shanghai China Article

Water and Air Pollution in Shanghai China - Article Example Air and water pollution in Shanghai is caused mainly by industrialization and the rapid increase in population. Air pollution levels are through the roof and the water in most parts is not safe for drinking. Water and air pollution in Shanghai, China, has been of great concern to the government, environmentalists and the general public, as the effects continue to affect the environment while many people have gotten incurable diseases and some have died as a result of the two and addressing the issue can be of great importance to the environment, the population and the country. Causes of Air and Water Pollution in Shanghai Coal Coal has been used in China for many centuries. Historians believe that coal in China was used as early as 1000 B.C. since then, it has been a major source of energy in China. Currently, China is the largest producer of coal producing an approximately three billion tons. China consumes more than one billion tons of coal for production of energy. In fact, about 70% of Chinese energy is from coal. Energy is produced by burning the coal. This process leads to a number of by products including smog, soot, carbonaceous gases, methane, sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides. These gases are the major causes of air pollution in Shanghai and around China. Coal mining and combustion around Shanghai produces about 37% of air pollution (United Nations Technical Cooperation, 12). Coal use has also been associated with water pollution through several ways. Coal plants use large amounts of water for cooling the plant. Water is also used in these plants to remove impurities that may affect the combustion of coal. The water used has to be released at some point. The water may come into contact with the products and byproducts of coal for example methane, arsenic and particulates. At the same time, the rains may wash out some heavy metal compounds from coal. Coal is usually stored just outside the coal mines and is not covered in most cases (U.S Environmental Protection Agency 5). Whether water is released to a safe disposal place or not it has to find its way to the main water bodies in some way. It can be through run off after rains or through seepage through the rocks in the adjacent areas. Also, sulfur dioxides produced during the production of energy from coal forms a layer of cloud above the earth and leads to acid rain after precipitation landing on vegetat ion and water bodies. Environmentalists also believe that the particulates formed and aerosols are dispersed by wind and end up in the water bodies contaminating the water (Smil 233). Industrialization Shanghai is one of the largest industrial cities and ports in the world. There are more than 10,000 large industries in the city of varying products and services. All these industries have waste which has to be dumped off at some point. As of 1999, industrial waste in Shanghai was estimated to be at 999 million tones per year. 93% of the waste were treated by the rest remained untreated posing a possible pollutant to the environment. Domestic waste on the other hand was estimated to be 380,550 tones within the same period. The monitoring institution stated that most of the waste contained oils and dangerous chemicals which found their way into the water sources (Huizhen 3). Industrial waste and domestic waste in Shanghai has been on the increase since 1997. Many industries have been e stablished and the existing ones have to cope with the increased demand for the various products. The industrial sector has been growing at an average of 11% per year from 1978 to 2008 in China. With Shanghai being one of the major industrial cities, the growth is expected to be around the same rate if not better. The rapid growth in the sector was attributed to by the cheap

Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Architecture - Essay Example According to Isozaki, the poetic imagination stands out as the only way to restore architecture at a historical moment especially after it appeared to be ruined by creative lethargy of late-modernism (Petit, 2008, p.153). The poetic work of Isozaki gives a complex analysis of the Japanese city in terms of reflecting to the monstrosities of the disastrous war. The monstrosities highlights the existence of human nature and should, therefore, be included in the image of architecture. Isozaki utilizes the human life motive to make people understand the relationship that exists between the finitude of human life and the precariousness of architectural fantasies. By importantly combining effects of distorting and moving mirrors, image, light and sound, Isozaki develops an effective and bodily experience that turns the mirror image of exhibition hence leading to the realization of abstract and sterile approach of architecture (Petit, 2008, p.153). The linking of the architectural developments to the past experiences, and the related aesthetic of fragmentation, characterizes the contemporary architectural works of Isozaki. In fact, he argued that for an architect to evade mass consumption that might be cast by the technocrat and not abandon design, then the architect must be ready to maintain a relationship with reality, which in most cases is characterizes by ironical and paradoxical (Petit, 2008, p.157). This paper tries to analyze Isozaki Frankenstein architecture project and trying to understand how the project is significant both in relation to the development of city and the emergence of diverse range of medium in everyday life. In trying to do so, several literature will be reviewed. The paper will then review the concepts from other sources in response to the question above. Isozaki utilizes the concepts of paradoxical reference to the past to demonstrate

International Construction Contracts and Dispute Resolution

International Construction Contracts and Dispute Resolution Discuss the distinction between the role of the Engineer as an agent of the Employer and the Engineer as independent of the Employer. Discuss also whether the distinction is useful, and whether and where (and why) it might be abandoned or retained. In addition, consider and list the provisions in the FIDIC Conditions (Red Book) (1999 ed.) whereby the Engineer performs functions as: Agent of the Employer; and/or Independently of the Employer   The employer in a project is not an expert in the field of construction. The employer is one who only knows business thus, he needs someone with expert knowledge in the field to help him implement his project successfully. It is at this juncture the engineer comes into the scene who has the expert knowledge and helps the employer implement his project. He is employed by the employer and works for the employer in many different roles. As Dr Donald Charrett list out a series of thirteen roles that the engineer has to play, we can see that the engineers role comes into play much before the construction starts. Here it is the role that he plays after the contractor is appointed and the construction starts, we will see the multiplicity and conflict in his role as an engineer. The role that will be at focus in the essay, in broad terms is his role as an agent of the employer and as a decision maker. The essay will try to differentiate and discuss the roles in which the Engineer acts as an agent of the employer and roles where he acts independently from the employer. We will do this by looking out first as to how the concept of todays Engineer as an agent of the employer had developed and then discuss the different FIDIC condition that define and differentiate the role of the engineer. In the next part the discussion will focus on the independence of the engineer and will define the roles where the employer acts as an agent of the employer and where he is independent of the employer. I will deal with the provision of FICID not as a separate part, rather will list and discuss it with the first part of the question. At this stage I find it pertinent to first discuss who the engineer is according to FIDIC. The definition of an engineer can be found in sub clause 1.1.2.4 of red and yellow book: Engineer means the person appointed by the Employer to act as the Engineer for the purposes of the Contract and named in the Appendix to Tender, or other person appointed from time to time by the Employer and notified to the Contractor under Sub-Clause 3.4. This doesnt explain what the engineer job or role is as it has been dealt with by FICID under different sub-clauses under clause three. In a nut shell the Engineer is a individual whose role can be said to the project manager where he has to implement different aspect of the contract. In sub-clause 1.1.2.6 of red and yellow book the engineer is stated to be an employers personal. Sub-clause 1.1.2.6 stated: Employers personnel means the engineers, the assistant referred to in sub-clause 3.2 and all other staffs, labour and other employees of the engineer and of the employer; and any other personnel notified to the contractor, by the employer or the engineer, as the employers personnel. Looking at both the definition clause it becomes clear that the engineer is one who is appointed by the employer and is considered as employer personnel. One thing that come out clear from the definition clause is that the Engineer is always an employee of the Employer. The gives rise to the question, if the engineer can be independent at any circumstance though the contract or at the least be fair and impartial. The Engineer has multiple role to play which are related to the contract and some of his role as the Engineer starts much before the contractor is appointed. The Engineer was brought into the picture by the employer much before the contractor is appointed. The Engineer is brought in at the initiation stage as he is required to multiple works like assessing the design, advising on the contractor to the employer and sometime vet the projects viability to third party financer. With so many roles relating to the employer, can the engineer be expected to be independent. Historically it depended on the term of a contract to decide if the engineer was independent of the employer or not. In Ranger v Great Western Railway Co[1]the court by interpreting the contract found that the engineer was never independent and his decision were therefore the decision of the company. Whereas in in In re De Morgan, Snell Co. and Rio De Janeiro Flour Milling Co.[2], the chief engineer and the resident engineer were found to be independent from the employer. The basis was that where the engineer had autocratic control over the work and had the power to issue final and binding decision, was considered to be independent from both the contracting parties.[3] The courts saw this authority as a conflict of interest hence, applied very strict standard to the way engineers executed his authority and power.[4] This resulted in a change in The way the Engineer was related to the employer. The way the Engineer was related to the employer moved to a more modern form of the relationship we see today, where the Engineer mostly stands as an agent of the employer. The authority, duty and obligation ware still derived from a contract and this resulted in courts taking a stricter stance on the role of an engineer.   The courts have always imposed stricter and higher standard on the functioning of The Engineer. In cases where the contract engineer was the agent of the employer, the parties to the contract enter into the contract stating that the engineer has to undertake number of duties for the implementation of the project. Courts have mostly held that the engineer in case of absence of any words to the contrary in the contract is expected to act fairly in case of his role as a decision maker. Mc Farlan J in the case of Perini corporation v Commonwealth of Australia[5] had stated that, during the performance of all the duties under the contract the engineer will remain an employee of the government(Employer). Even during the discharge of his duty as a decision maker he continues to be the employee of the government, but he is still expected to act fairly and justly with skills towards both parties to the contract. In the modern form, we see that the engineer became an agent of the employer in his different roles under the contract, but he was still expected to act as an independent person should work, who must be fair, impartial and honest towards both the parties when acting in his role as a decision-maker under the traditional system. But the industry moved on from the independent form of the Engineer and the system of impartial Engineer as a decision-maker was adopted. The concept of an impartial engineer was incorporated in the modern form of contractual provision for construction contracts (FIDIC). 3.1 Fidic On The Role Of An Engineer The engineer under the old FIDIC red book was expected to act impartially. As was stated under sub-clause 2.6: (d) otherwise taking action which may affect the rights and obligations of the Employer or the Contractor, he shall exercise such discretion impartially within the. The incorporation and requirement of the impartiality of the Engineer was because of the realisation of the fact that there will always be a doubt on the impartiality. The presence of the doubt is because of the presence of conflict of interest as the Engineer is now the agent of the employer. Then over a period of time it was realised that the expectation of impartiality cannot be also confirmed. So there was again a change occurred from the requirement of being impartial to being fair. According to Ola Ø. Nisja the concept of fairness developed through case law in the common-law system as the engineer was expected to be a person with professional ethics and you can expect from him to be a fair decision maker. Ola Ø. Nisja   also states that the concept of a fair decision maker was not in common practice till the FIDIC form included it in their standard form of contract. Hence in the 1999 edition of FIDIC red book and yellow book the concept has been replaced with the concept of fairness with word fairly under clause 3.5 and the concept of impartiality wasdone away with. The reason being there will always be doubt on the impartiality of the engineer and that can be easily removed from the contract by words that can negate the expectation of impartiality. The thought has been made apparent by Lord Hoffmann in Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Ltd v Docklands Light Railway[6] where he has stated that, the architect is the agent of the employer, so he is a professional man but can hardly be considered to be independent. He speaks of the architect who is appointed in the role of The Engineer, where you can still expect an individual to be fair if not independent or impartial. Intellectually speaking the concept of being fair is inherent to the nature of a decision maker that is expected in a common law system and it is easier to expect the engineer to be fair than being impartial. Even when the contract doesnt impose any obligation in any way, the engineer is still expected to act in a, honest, fair and reasonable manner when under taking the role of a decision-maker. The above observation comes from Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Ltd v Docklands Light Railway Ltd only where there was no appointed engineer for the project and the employer itself through its own employee took up the duty of decision maker, he was still expected to be fair, honest and reasonable[7].   Other than the implied duty of acting impartially there is ex pressed duty under the code of ethic to act impartially also. Of the many issues that challenge the impartiality of the engineer one that, the engineer has to make a decision regarding to his own work. In such position there cannot be an expectation for impartiality at all. Of the many roles that Dr Donald Charrett list most of them have been infused into new role of an engineer in the modern time where he is the agent of an employer. As an agent, the duty of the engineer is to successfully implement the project which is surrounded around the condition that he has to work in the best interest of his employer. But as a decision maker he takes relief from his role as an agent of the employer and is expected to act as a neutral decision maker between the employer and contract and fairly decide the dispute. The clear differentiation of the engineers role can also be seen in standard form of contracts and specifically FIDIC. The role of an engineer is dealt in different sub-clause of clause three of both the FIDIC red and yellow book. Condition 3.1 deals with the duty and authority of an engineer and condition 3.1 (a) of both the red and yellow book state: Expect as otherwise stated in these condition:       Whenever carrying out duties or exercising authority, specified in or implied by the contract, the engineer shall be deemed to act for the employer; This makes it pretty clear that the employer is expected to act an agent of the employer in relation to any of the act he is required to do under the contract. And condition 3.5 of red and yellow book state deal with the role of an engineer as a decision maker, where it states that: If agreement is not achieved, the Engineer shall make a fair determination in accordance with the Contract, taking due regard of all relevant circumstances. It is clear from the wording of the FIDIC form of standard contract the engineer is in a position to represent the Employer in all matter, however he also has the obligation to discharge his contract obligation as a decision maker in a fair manner. Hence, of the many roles, an engineer plays, it is here as a decision maker, the engineer is expected to be fair and evenhanded when he is deciding the dispute. So, what we get in general is a person who is throughout the contract phase an agent but when required he has to act in the capacity of a decision maker and be neutral and fair. The sub-clause provides that he has to act fairly and even if the clause in struck out, under common law contracts there is an implied condition that the engineer still has to act fairly. Although the impartiality has been replaced with the concept of fairness, some author make it clear that the contractor should never assume that the engineer belongs to the employer but rather he should assume that the engineer acts independently and impartially according to his professional standards. The concept of an engineer is not discussed in the civil law system hence, may French courts have been seen struck down any clause which gave power to the engineer to decide a dispute. The problem here is that the role on an engineer and he operates is a common law developed concept which has been best explained by Mc Farlan J in Perini corporation v Commonwealth of Australia[8] . the essence of such a relationship where the engineer acts in dual capacity is that the parties have voluntarily agreed so in the contract. The parties have agreed that they will accept and bind themselves on matter that he is required to decide The engineers duty to act fairly is an obligation that is understood to arise from the term of contract. FIDIC condition is a standard form of contract and when adopted for any project makes it a valid form of contract and clause 3.5 makes its legally binding clause and if the engineers dont act fairly then it becomes a breach of contract. In a contract, it is the duty of the parties to follow the contract and act in good faith towards the fulfilment of the contract. Hence, the duty is somehow on the employer to see to it that the engineer acts fairly to honour the clause of the contract when acting as a decision maker as the Engineer is an employer personal according to the definition. The engineer is a person who may not be himself involved in the dispute but definitely has interest in the dispute. One he is deciding upon a dispute that is there because of a decision he took earlier relating to a work and second, he is deciding something which is going to affect both the parties, and he is related to one of the parties. Then the contract expects the Engineer to not only protect the employers interest, he will also be protecting his interests as his decision is related to one of his work only. While the Engineer takes over the role of the engineer he is still employed by the employer and his salary being paid by the employer so, when the engineer is acting as a decision maker he is getting paid by the employer only for that role too. In view the impeding nature of lack of independence in the role of an Engineer that the FIDIC books have two safe-guards when he is acting as a decision maker: to decide fairly and in accordance to the contract. Then again, to promote fairness the FIDIC book also prohibits the Employer from replacing the engineer with anyone against whom the contract raises any reasonable objection.[9] HHJ Jackson state the legal situation of an engineer in the best possible way in Scheldebouw BV v St James Homes (Grovernor Dock) Ltd [10] The terms of the contract according to which the engineer has to work determine the role and duty of the decision maker There cannot be an expectation that he decision maker is in anyway independent from the employer. But while acting as a decision maker the decision maker is expected to act in an independent, impartial, fair and honest manner. He should act using his professional skill to reach the right decision and should not indulge in any favourism towards his employer. The last point is of interest here where it states that he is expected to act in a manner which is independent from the employer. It gives the notion that the decision maker is never truly independent from his employer, but he is expected to shed that relation while acting as a decision maker. This makes it clear that a decision by the engineer can only be challenged in cases where there is a doubt of impartiality or lack of fairness. Hence, it must be remembered that doubt on the independence of the Engineer can be no more a ground for challenging the decision. However, the Engineer is expected to be fair and neutral, so any possibility or even the doubt of the presence of bias by the Engineer towards the Employers Interest in the decisions and determination of contractual disputes, provides the contractor with the opportunity and the avenue to appeal against the decision of the engineer. After going through the relevant provision of FIDIC, case laws and works of different field expert we can say that in the modern system of construction contract the concept of an independent contractor is not present any more. All the while the engineer is only expected to act independently but there is no actual individuality that is independent of the employer. As I have earlier stated the engineer is always paid a salary by the employer, even when he is acting as a decision maker so there cannot any presumption of independence. The FIDIC condition also moved on to the concept of a fair determination as impartiality can be in question and cant be always expected. The reason being there would always be doubt because the Engineer never stops being the agent of the Employer or as the FICID states Employers Personnel. According to Charles C MacDonald, the Engineer is one individual who lacks the necessary requirement of independence to make important decision, as he is appointed by the employer.[11] Even Redfurn and Hunter in their book agree that the engineer who is appointed by the employer will lack the necessary independence to make important decision.[12] As we take stock all that has been discussed till now all we can say in laymans language, the engineer is never independent but it is his duty to act in an independent manner.[13]   At the end, we can conclude that there is no real distinction between the role of the Engineer where he acts as the agent of the employer and a role which he takes up, that is independent from the employer. No provision in the FIDIC form of contract also differentiate between the role rather the provision make it clear that he remains as agent all the while till the contract is in place. There are safeguards to ensure impartiality and fair decision making but still role like the one of decision maker should not be in anyway related or inclined to any party.   This results in the lack of independence in the decision-making process as the trust in the engineer being fair is also lost. This has in the recent years has only resulted in using the Engineer as a decision maker only a procedural requirement as his decision is just a prerequisite to go for a DAB decision or arbitration. The present form has its advantages as it helps in resolving disputes quickly and is serving its purpose in most of the cases but also has in its own disadvantages. The engineers fairness will always remain a matter of question and doubt. There is no requirement to completely overhaul the present system, there is just a need to reduce the disadvantages. As recommended by Ola Ø. Nisja, one engineer can be appointed as the agent of the employer for all the roles presented by the contract, except the one of decision maker and when a dispute arises, a new engineer who is not part of the project be brought in to decide on the matter The concept of an independent Engineer in practice was lost long ago as we moved to the present form. An Engineer independent of the Employer is a myth.   However, as we saw, even as an agent of the employer the engineer has to act fairly while acting as a decision maker and giving determinations. It will always be a challenge to the role of an engineer but he has to overcome this shortcoming has to show real professionalism. [1] (1854) 5 HLC 72; 10 ER 824 [2] Hudsons Building Contracts (4th ed) Vol II 185 [3] Ibid, p 215 [4] ibid [5] Perini Corporation v Commonwealth of Australia [1969] 2 NSWLR 530. [6] Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Ltd v Docklands Light Railway Ltd (1996) 78 BLR 42 [7] ibid [8] Perini (n 5). [9] Sub-clause 3.4 FIDIC Red book (1st ed) 1999 FIDIC Yellow Book (1st ed) 1999 [10] Scheldebouw BV v St James Homes (Grovernor Dock) Ltd [2006] EWHC 89 (TCC) [11] Charles C MacDonald, Allocation of Risk in Major Infrastructure Projects-Why do we get it so Wrong? ([2001] ICLR 345), [12] ibid [13] Scheldebouw (n 10)

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The time has finally come. Fellow seniors, we are now on our own. It's time to take down our parking permits and clean out our binders one last time. Tonight is our graduation - a time to celebrate an end to a journey. Tonight is our commencement - the beginning of a new course. We've said goodbye to our teachers, signed yearbooks, paid our fines; now we celebrate 13 years of progress and friendship and we look forward to achieving our goals as we embark on a new odyssey. We've seen our last dance. We've yet to experience our first college lecture. We've heard our last announcements, now we eagerly look forward to making headlines. We've played in our last football game (in the Tacoma Dome), and now we are ready to start this game of life. Of all the institutions that structure American life, none are viewed with the combination of alarm and affection that high schools are. We invest them with tremendous and, perhaps, contradictory hopes: that they will nurture individual achievement as well as social development; that they will be havens from an often heartless world as well as preparation to enter it; that they will be sites of hard work as well as personal pleasure. We have finally gained our independence, and with that comes the opportunity to do anything we choose and head in any direction we wish. But with our newfound freedom comes anxiety and fear, sadness and reflection. Though our individual experiences at Sulzer are as unique as ourselves, we've all gained the fundamentals necessary to influence those around us. We shouldn't be afraid of what lies ahead because at 18, we can create our own destiny. We should look forward to the opportunities we how have as graduates. Though the world may seem unsettling, u... ... seen our last Mr. KHS and Gong Show, danced at our senior Prom, and acted in our last spring musical, but we have so much more to do. Though we are all reluctant to say goodbye to the friends we've made, we must look forward to the opportunities of the future. We have acquired traits during our tenure at Sulzer that will undoubtedly be useful in our future endeavors. We've been made great mathematicians, accomplished scientists, renowned writers, and famed actors. As first class students, we must seize the day, leave our footprints behind, and always reflect on our time and experiences shared at Sulzer. For those of you who still feel unprepared for the future, Dr. Seuss can reassure you. You have brains in your head; you have feet in your shoes; you can steer yourself any direction you choose. Thank you, congratulations, and happy father's day.

Power of Love Essay

We all need love to be able to be connected to others. The more connected you are to a person the more that you are healthier and love is very essential for life, mind, heart, and it is oxygen to the brain. It is important to have love in life. We grow to love others because if comes from within and from our hearts. We need to love to survive to feel the need to belong to someone. Frequently people grow accustomed to each other when they have love in their lives. Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to not be with another person when they are in love and feel a bond between each other. It is therefore of great importance for one’s attention and process to be connected to each other through love. I believe love is something that sweeps us off our feet that takes our breath away with that someone special and that special feeling that is shared between two people. It is something that we all need. Love to me is a flower, a word, a song a note something special between two people emotionally. Love is like the best medicine for anything. but many of our ideas about it are wrong. The less love you have, the more depressed you are likely to feel. (By Ellen McGrath, published on December 01, 2002 – last reviewed on March 30, 2009) I have learned that when people are depressed it is because they don’t love themselves and therefore they can’t love anyone else. It is sad to think that so many of us in today’s society are really very sadly depressed and that we feel we have to have someone in our life and that we miss interpret lonely it to love. I have done this before where I have been depressed and have had someone in my life and thought it was love and it was not. I guess when I didn’t love myself, I was not sure how to signal out the two or how to differentiate. Being depressed can attract you to someone, and it totally can be the wrong person for us. What attracts us to another person is there character, personality, Their smile their vulnerability and how they treat us and draw us close to them. We are less likely to befriend someone from another culture because it is more interesting due to other cultures backgrounds, accents. We choose others from other cultures than our own culture because it isn’t new anymore and it is of the same likes as our own. The attribution of attraction is they include. In our textbooks we read about Proximity and that is how our friends lived close to us as we grew up and how the friendships developed over the length of time. Friendship developed (Nahemow & Lawton, 1975). We all know that friendships grow after getting to know someone, and this closeness becomes very easy to win over and turn into a relationship. Just like when we go to school we have classes together and we sit among each other and of course that will develop into making more friends if not relationships and then start making closer bonds with friends. Then there is association where we tend to express our opinions about other people and share our insights with others. We also share similarities and we sometimes associate that with attractiveness and likeness which is something two people share that can result in bonding between two people that share the same qualities. (Neimeyer & Mitchell, 1988) Then we simply tend to like those who like us back or are similar to what we are like. It is a great sense of feeling when you know that you are interacting with someone that is a lot like yourself and that that person likes you back and that you both get a long that you don’t have to pretend to be someone else and that you both get along exceptionally well. We feel good when we are around somebody. We tend to report a higher level of attraction toward that person (Forgas, 1992; Zajonc & McIntosh, 1992) Physical attraction plays a role in who we care to be friends with. Even though that sometimes doesn’t mean that we may be attracted to that person or that we choose that person to be with it is just an attraction that happens between two people who have very similar likes. We can’t help who we are attracted to and who we end up with. It isn’t something we plan it is something that just happens. Opposites attract and that sometimes can bring two people phys ically closer in a relationship than a friendship. Sometimes attractive people attract other attractive people and sometimes attraction has nothing to do with looks what so ever. It is just a mutual or physical bonding that brings two people together. Sometimes a tall person may be attracted to a person who is a short person. A skinny person can be with a heavy person. Attraction isn’t about money, wealth, fame, or young, old or anything like that. It is a feeling that two people share no matter the circumstances and it is the way things are. The human need to build bonds in a relationship is because as human nature we just want to belong to someone. We have basic needs just as an infant needs their mother to carry them, hold them and nurture them so do we. As we get older we need someone to hold us and care for us and tell us that things are going to be okay. It provides stability, security, It totally assist in growth between two people. Just like anything in life we need the use of water, shelter and warmth and we need to be able to have some form of survival in our lives. We need that comfort and that love and that closeness that we feel only one person can give to us. That is what we need to be able to have that human bond in life. Yes we do have an innate to belong of course most definitely because we all want love and we all want to be loved and we all want to love back. We all fear being alone as we grow older and we all fear that everyone will leave us one day and it is a very scary feeling. Many people tend to h ave panic attacks just knowing that they will be alone and that is very depressing. From the very beginning of life In my opinion and in my own life ,I would have to say that loneliness is a very sad feeling and it is a feeling of emotion of being disconnected from society from family, from life in general. It is like when you feel the loss of a loved one that has been in your life for many years and they are no longer around you sense loneliness all around you feel like you have lost your best friend and you feel so isolated and you can be around friends and family all day long and you can feel good on the outside and yet still be dying on the inside with anxiety and panic worrying that you are alone that nobody cares. It is obvious that humans have an innate need to feel connected. We are social beings with many needs and a want and need to belong. Robert Sternberg’s theory he explained the differences of love and that they consisted of three different kind of loves: he des cribed intimacy as a need for emotional connection which is shared between two people who have desire for each other and share intimate feelings. Then he shared passion as he explained passion, he expressed it as a sexual attraction that was a motivational drive that was shared between two people who had such a desire for one another and passion he described as two people who had very deep attractiveness for each other. To me consummated love is between a husband and a wife in a committed union. and that is as Robert Sternberg said it is a thoughtful part of love; it involves first deciding one is â€Å"in love,† which, over time, develops into a lasting commitment to a relationship or person. (Nevid & Rathus, 2005) Romantic love to me is a love that is where you hold hands and you get butterflies. Where intimacy is involved even it is it is not a committed relationship but it is shared between to physically drawn individuals. Romantic lovers look at each other through â€Å"rose colored glasses† not seeing each other’s flaws. (Nevid & Rathus, 2005) Empty love to me is a love where two people are married and yet aren’t in love with one another anymore but they stay together because of security and emotional ties and years have been invested. They stay together for fear of being alone and they deal with each other because it’s out of respect. (Nevid & Rathus, 2005) in today’s society so many people can relate to this sort of love because so many people remain together for their children not realizing that staying together is making the children miserable and that eventually they will grow up and leave the nest making their own lives elsewhere. I think this is such a sad love. Infatuation is a relationship based on passion, with no intimacy or commitment. Infatuation is characterized by passionate attraction on sight, and an example of such would be a one night stand. (Nevid & Rathus, 2005) Why do so many people want to stay together and ruin their lives in an empty love relationship? Th ey don’t realize that by being honest with themselves they could start a new with someone else and be totally happy. Today so many men have affairs in an empty love relationship even if they are secure, have fear and stay together because of finances and obligations. Why can’t we all just be happy and be with the one person that makes us the happiest. I know this feeling all too well and I chose to walk away from an empty love. Free to be happy, Free to independent, free to be free and not with someone out of obligation. It is sad to be with someone who you don’t desire or love anymore. It is not right to make someone stay with you just because you have been together for so long. I longed to be desired and loved and wanted and needed with someone who truly loved me and was willing to make a commitment and give themselves to me entirely. I chose to be with someone who I am in love with and who has my heart. Not someone I feel an obligation or duty to at all. That is like saying, If I wanted a maid, I would have married a maid.â€Å" But I married a partner, A best friend, my soul mate my companion and my everything. That to me is a genuine love and so many people don’t know what they are looking for in life and it’s the saddest thing if you ask me. References: Referred By Ellen McGrath, published on December 01, 2002 – last reviewed on March 30, 2009 http://beta.in-mind.org http://panicdisorder.about http://voices.yahoo.com/sternbergs-theory-love

Tax Structure in Pakistan

Tax structure of Pakistan TAX: To tax (from the Latin taxo; â€Å"I estimate†) is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law. Some commentators have argued that â€Å"a direct tax is one that cannot be shifted by the taxpayer to someone else, whereas an indirect tax can be†. A income tax is a tax levied on the income of individuals or businesses (corporations or other legal entities).When the tax is levied on the income of companies, it is often called a corporate tax, corporate income tax, or profit tax. Individual income taxes often tax the total income of the individual (with some deductions permitted), while corporate income taxes often tax net income (the difference between gross receipts, expenses, and additional write-offs). A  sales tax  is a  consumption tax  charged at the  point of purchase  for certain g oods and services. The tax amount is usually calculated by applying a  percentage  rate to the taxable price of a sale.Most sales taxes are collected from the buyer by the seller, who remits the tax to a government agency. Sales taxes are commonly charged on sales of goods, but many sales taxes are also charged on sales of services. Ideally, a sales tax would have a high compliance rate, be difficult to avoid, and be simple to calculate and collect Income tax Pakistan:Law concerning taxation of income in Pakistan is stated in the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 (the Ordinance) and the rules framed there under viz. Income Tax Rules, 2002 (the Rules).The Ordinance is a Central statute and is, therefore, applicable to the whole of Pakistan . Under section 4 of the Ordinance, income tax is imposed for each tax year at specified rates on every person who has taxable income for the year Tax Year in Pakistan:Tax year is a period of twelve months ending on 30th June and shall be denoted by t he calendar year in which the said date falls. Taxable Income in Pakistan:It is the total income of a person for a tax year reduced by the total of any deductible allowances, under the Ordinance, for the year.A person is entitled to a deductible allowance for the amount of any Zakat paid by the person in a tax year under the Zakat & Ushr Ordinance, 1980. Total Income:it is the sum of a person's income under each of the heads of income for the year. Heads of Income in Pakistan:Under the Ordinance income is classified into the following five heads: Salary, Income from property, Income from business, Capital gains and Income from other sources.The income of a person under a head of income shall be the total of the amount derived by the person in a tax year that are chargeable to tax under the head as reduced by the total deductions allowed under the ordinance to the person under that head. CORPORATE TAX RATES:Pakistan corporate tax rate is 35% of net taxable income of a company. For no nresidents, a 15% rate is levied on the gross amount of royalties or technical service fees, and 30% for other payments under the presumptive tax regime. Residence – An entity is resident if it is registered under the law of Pakistan or its management and control is situated wholly in Pakistan.Basis – Resident entities are taxed on worldwide business income; nonresidents pay tax only on Pakistan-source income. Taxation of dividends:A resident entity pays tax at a rate of 10% on dividend income regardless of whether the dividends are Pakistan or foreign source. A nonresident pays tax at a rate of 10% on Pakistan source dividends. PAKISTAN SALES TAX:The standard rate of Sales Tax in Pakistan is 16%. Taxable transactions Sales Tax is levied on the supply of goods and services, and the import of goods.Sales Tax Registration:is mandatory for manufacturers if turnover exceeds PKR 5 million; for retailers, if the value of supplies exceeds PKR 5 million; and for importers and other persons if required by another federal or provincial law Filing and sales tax payment:Sales Tax returns and payments must be made on a monthly basis. RGST:The RGST is actually plain old Value Added Tax (VAT) with a new name. Since the VAT has already had its fill of bad publicity, the government decided it would be a smart move to rename and repackage the new taxation system.The RGST is a taxation system that operates by an addition of 15 per cent tax on each and every value addition on taxable products Who is involved? The key players behind the proposed RGST are the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, United States Mission to the European Union   (USEU) and other assorted donors who are tired of paying their taxpayers money to cover up for the leaks in our taxation system. But this is not to say that we do not  need reforms in our taxation system. The International Monetary Organizations might be the catalysts towards the reforms just now, but in all reali ty, tax reforms have been long overdue.

Montague-Capulet Feud in Romeo and Juliet

Montague-Capulet Feud in Romeo and Juliet In Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet, two noble families are at war with each other, a state of affairs which ultimately dooms the young lovers. Romeo is of House Montague and Juliet is a Capulet. We never learn the origin of the feud between the two families, but it pervades the play from the very first scene when servants from each house get into a fight. All of the major events in Romeo and Juliet are driven by the Montague-Capulet dispute. But after the tragic death of their children at the end of the play, both families agree to bury their grievances and acknowledge their losses. Via their tragic deaths, Romeo and Juliet resolve the long-standing conflict between their respective families, but unfortunately, do not live to enjoy the peace. But who’s who in the Montague-Capulet feud? The following list divides the play’s characters by family: House of Montague The House of Montague includes these key players: Montague.  Father to Romeo and married to Lady Montague, he’s concerned about his son at the start of the play and asks Benvolio to help him figure out what’s bothering Romeo.Lady Montague.  Romeo’s mother is less of a presence in the play than Juliet’s mother, but in the few scenes we see her, she appears to love her son deeply. When Romeo is banished, she dies of grief.Romeo. The son, and heir of the Montague house, Romeo is 16 years old and falls in and out of â€Å"love† easily, until meeting Juliet. He kills Tybalt after Tybalt kills Romeo’s friend Mercutio.Benvolio. He is  Montague’s nephew and Romeo’s cousin. Benvolio tries to be a good influence on Romeo, persuading him to forget about the erstwhile Rosaline. He mainly acts as a peacemaker and friend to Romeo.Balthasar.  Romeo’s serving man unintentionally tells Romeo of Juliet’s â€Å"death† (In fact, she’s taken poison to appear dead ). House of Capulet Lord Capulet. Juliet’s father is the family patriarch and tries to control his daughter by arranging a marriage to Paris. When she refuses, he calls her terrible names and threatens to throw her out: Hang thee, young baggage! disobedient wretch!I tell thee what: get thee to church o Thursday,Or never after look me in the faceAnd you be mine, Ill give you to my friend;And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets! Lady Capulet. Juliet’s mother, while more understanding of her daughter is almost as angered by Juliet’s refusal to marry Paris as Lord Capulet is. She dismisses Juliet outright: Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a word; do as thou wilt, for I am done with thee.Juliet Capulet. At age 13, Juliet is about to be married to Paris and is deeply unhappy about it. But everything changes when she meets Romeo, despite his being from the rival Montague family. The two fall in love and are secretly married, but end up killing themselves when each believes the other to be dead.Juliet’s Nurse. She is more of a mother figure to Juliet than Lady Capulet and knows the young woman better than anyone else in her family. The Nurse’s sense of humor lends some much-needed levity to the play. She’s the only one who helps Juliet in her quest to be with Romeo, even though she doesn’t fully understand the intensity of Juliet’s feelings.Tybalt. Lady Capuletâ₠¬â„¢s nephew and Juliet’s cousin is the main antagonist of Romeo and Juliet, owing to his deep hatred of the Montagues. Short-tempered and vindictive, Tybalt is quick to draw his sword in anger. His killing is a pivotal moment in the play.

Architecture Made Famous by Americas Presidents

Architecture Made Famous by Americas Presidents Remember the phrase George Washington slept here? Ever since the founding of the country, Presidents of the United States made otherwise ordinary places famous.   1. Presidents Homes All US Presidents are associated with the White House in Washington, DC. Even George Washington, who never lived there, oversaw its construction. In addition to this common residence, all US Presidents are associated with personal residences. George Washingtons Mount Vernon, Thomas Jeffersons Monticello, and Abraham Lincolns home in Springfield are all good examples. Then there are all the childhood homes and birthplaces of our presidents. Of course, nobody knows who will become president, so many of these early homes were torn down before they became part of history. Surprisingly, the first president to be born in a hospital, instead of a home, was President Jimmy Carter, our 39th president. 2. Presidential Retreats Have you ever noticed how the presidency ages the person in office? Its a stressful job, and the president must make time for rest and relaxation. Since 1942, the country has provided Camp David as a get-away for the presidents exclusive use. Located in the Maryland mountains, the compound was a 1930s project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a Depression-era New Deal program. But Camp David is not enough. Every president has had a retreat- some have had both summer and winter White Houses. Lincoln used the Cottage at the Soldiers Home, now known as Lincolns Cottage. President Kennedy always had the family compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. George Herbert Walker Bush went to Walkers Point in Kennebunkport, Maine. Nixon had a little concrete block ranch house in  Key Biscayne, Florida, and Truman set up shop at the Little White House in Key West, Florida. All presidents are welcome to use Sunnylands, once a private residence, in  Rancho Mirage, California. All too often, presidential retreats like Sunnylands and Camp David have also been used to meet with foreign leaders in a less formal setting. Remember the Camp David Accords of 1978? 3. Sites of Presidential Events All presidential events dont happen in Washington, DC.   Bretton Woods, a gorgeous hotel in the mountains of New Hampshire, was the site of an international agreement after World War II. Similarly, President Woodrow Wilson traveled to the Palace of Versailles outside of Paris, France, to sign the treaty that ended World War I. These two places are historic landmarks for what happened there. Todays presidents campaign, debate, and rally constituents all across the United States- in town halls and convention halls.   Presidential events are not DC-centric- even the site where George Washington took the oath of office in 1789 was in Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York City. 4. Monuments to Presidents Any community can memorialize a favorite son, but Washington, DC is the main setting for the nations monuments. The Lincoln Memorial, the Washington Monument, and the Jefferson Memorial may be the most famous in DC, but Mount Rushmore in South Dakota may be the most iconic presidential tribute carved in stone. 5. Presidential Libraries and Museums Who owns a public servants papers? has been a question hotly debated- and legislated. Presidential Libraries did not come into existence until the 20th century, and today raw, archival information, along with the massaging of the presidential message, are combined in buildings like the Bush Library in College Station, Texas and the other Bush Library in Dallas. We take special note of these historic buildings, monuments, and research centers, and await the conflicts that will, no doubt, surround the next presidential library building. It seems to happen every time. A Sense of Place Most of us will never become president, but we all have a sense of place in our lives.  To find your special places, answering these five questions: HOME: Where were you born? Not only the city and state, but have you gone back to see the building? What does it look like? Describe your childhood home.RETREAT: Where do you go to relax and find peace? What is your favorite vacation place?EVENT: Where was your graduation ceremony? Where was your first kiss? Did you ever have to speak to a large group of people? Where were you when you won an important prize?MONUMENT: Do you have a trophy case? Will you have a gravestone? Have you ever built a monument to memorialize someone else? Should monuments even exist?ARCHIVES: Chances are that all of the papers in your life will not be kept forever, because there is no legal requirement to do so. But what about your digital trail? What have you left behind, and where is it?   Fun With Presidents Places George Washington Slept Here starring Jack Benny and Ann Sheridan, DVD, 1942 movie directed by William Keighley, based on a play by Moss Hart and George S. KaufmanLEGO Architecture Series: The White House

Deal with Back-To-College Blues and Dominate New Term

Deal with Back-To-College Blues and Dominate New Term Stepping back into that chilly dorm room after a luxurious winter break can feel like a prison sentence. Your new courses yawn out in front of you forever, with spring break an eternity away. If you’re not careful, this can turn into a post-vacation funk. Even worse, it could lead to depression or dropping out. The U.S. News and World Report states that 1 in 3 college freshman won’t make it back for sophomore year, with a full 10% of students dropping out during winter break. What is the reason for this significant loss of motivation? Money, family issues, and plain old loneliness. In a recent book by Donald Foss, a professor of psychology at the University of Houston, he states that loneliness, isolation, and financial problems can combine into a perfect storm of college demotivation. Fortunately, there are a few simple ways to combat this post-break malaise. By actively engaging with your college experience, practicing positive behaviors and attitudes, and keeping yourself healthy, you’ll be much more likely to limit your stress and have a great second term. Get Organized One of the quickest ways to fall into a post-break funk is to feel like you don’t know what you’re doing. That’s why it’s important to be proactive about how you feel about school. Start by making a schedule of all the major goals you want to get accomplished this semester – both academic and personal. Then, break each of those goals down so you know what you need to do each week to get that goal accomplished. You can even include specific assignments that will need to be finished so you’ll have lots of time to complete them. This will give you the focus you need to get engaged in your new term. Get Involved Since isolation is one of the main reasons that students feel depressed after their winter break, it makes a lot of sense to get involved in a new activity. Try to pick something that you think will be interesting, but not time-consuming. In addition, if you pick a physical activity (like a co-ed team sport), you’ll be exercising your body at the same time you’re exercising your social skills. Getting involved in an activity can go a long way to relieving the sense of isolation that many students feel during the post-winter term. In addition, it keeps you moving when your instinct is to stay cooped up in your room. Get Positive When life gets you down, the best antidote is positivity. This is an especially good idea for students who are feeling nervous about their new teachers or term. At the end of each day, take five minutes and write down at least three things that you felt good about for that day in a â€Å"positive journal.† You can fill your journal with things as simple as smiling at a stranger, or as complicated as getting a good grade on a huge project. Then, at the end of each week, read over your daily entries. Take a minute to congratulate yourself on doing (and seeing) so much good. You’ll feel better about yourself and begin to start seeing the positive everywhere you go! Get Ahead For a lot of students, the first few weeks of the semester are the ones when they feel most excited to learn. The brand new books, teachers, and curriculum can be exciting†¦until that mid-semester boredom kicks in. Super-smart students take advantage of this first-of-the-term motivational boost by getting ahead. Take a look at the syllabus on the first day and see what kind of assignments will need to be done over the next few weeks. If you can, start thinking about paper ideas, read ahead in the book, or complete easy homework assignments that you can turn in later. When your initial boost of energy wears off, you’ll still be ahead of the curve and more likely to establish a habit of turning in work early rather than late. Get Help If, for any reason, you’re stuck in a pattern of depression and lack of motivation, don’t wait to get help! There are many people who want to see you succeed, and who have the skills to help you organize your schooling so that you can finish like a champ. Talk to your friends or roommates, and see what kind of advice they have for getting out of your slump. You can also talk to an academic advisor or school counselor, even abiut the things that seem small. They are much happier hearing from you before your depression has become an emergency. And, of course, get help from your family or other close associates. Truly smart students know when they can’t do it alone. Have you managed to overcome post-holiday blues and lack of motivation? Share your story with us!

Estimating a Multiple Regression Model (The impact of Consumption and Statistics Project

Estimating a Multiple Regression Model (The impact of Consumption and Investment on the GDP in Qatar (1990- 2013)) - Statistics Project Example Considering the topic selected the impacts that consumption and investment have on the GDP covers a wide range of economic aspects. These range from all activities that involve investing and all those that relate to consumption. The consumption aspect consolidates all consumption needs that range from consumption of oil products and other products. Understanding these and the employment of graphs will help one understand the impacts that each has had on the growth of the country for the years under consideration that is 1990 to 2013. The study covers these and details the description of the data, development of estimates, the discussion of the results and a conclusion that aims at creating a summary of the study and indicating the different achievements over the study conducted. Considering the data identified, one learns that the consumption is reflected as the expenditure. It covers both the government expenditures and the expenditures of the different households. Combining the two results to the expenditure for the economy, which is analyzed in the work below? Understanding this helps in understanding the impact that the expenditure aspect had on the GDP for the different years under consideration. In the data collected, the consumption is provided in the percentage terms and in billions of Qatar’s local currency. These provided are as obtained from an online source on Qatar economic statistics and indicators. The data collected on the different investment aspects also provides information with regard to the investment opportunities for the country and their impacts to the economic performance of Qatar. Understanding this helps one understand the actual performance of the economy with the investments that the country engages in accounted for the GDP. The data collected on the GDP is also obtained from the same website and

Rodriguez Summary and Rhetorical Precis Assignment

Rodriguez Summary and Rhetorical Precis - Assignment Example Richard Rodriguez narrates the story of his education and explains how the experience affected him. At the time of the narration, the author is thirty years old. Although he is a now grown man, he remembers once feeling uneasy in front of the classroom (Rodriguez 519). He says that although he is Spanish origin, he underwent an educational system that used English as a primary instruction language. He admits that while he was growing up, people admired his success at school. The education, he received, however, was a scholarship that inspired him towards excelling in classes. He grew so anxious about school that his parents worried about his later trajectory in life. The author realized that moving away from home was the sole determinant of his success at school. This feeling eventually made him uneasy with his parents. Possessing the feeling pushed him towards studying other people and books for answers. He eventually realized that scholarship students of Spanish descent experienced the same feeling. He drew lessons from a book that summarized the paradox of receiving education. The author realizes that the school and home exist at cultural extremes. A student, therefore, pulls away into the rational system of thinking. Besides, the student escapes the intimacy of home thereby astounding the very parents who took one to school. Richard Rodriguez, a writer of Spanish descent, writes an essay, Achievement of Desire, detailing his experiences of education. Although he is old by the time of the narration, he describes his experiences from an early age. It is crucial to highlight that the author bases his arguments on his educational experience as a person from a minority community. The author springs from a Spanish minority in America. His central argument is that education eventually alienates a person from one’s family. In order to acquire education, he

T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock Essay

T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock - Essay Example Prufrock is depicted as a damned person who seeks to woo a woman. The world seen in the poem through the epigraph is dull and boring. Prufrock is not hopeful that the surroundings will offer his the conditions that he wants to win the love of a woman. His inability to perceive the world as a better place is seen in the second verse where he says, â€Å"Like a sole patient etherized upon a table† (Eliot 1). The allusion to a historical prophet is evident and reinforces the theme of inadequacy with the world. He sees himself as a person who cannot achieve the goals he had visualized in the beginning. Allusion has been used to convey Prufrock as a character who does not believe in himself because of his wretched situation. The title of the poem symbolizes the love concerns in the poem. The reader expects Prufrock to pursue his love interest after setting the environment in the first verse. However, he is portrayed as a man who cannot act on feelings because of the questionable mindset. The strong attraction of love does not grow in the process because Prufrock does not act on his infatuation with the woman. He has fears rejection, obsessions, and anxieties he has about the world. The title is anchored on the theme of love, but Prufrock does not succeed because of the people in the world who prevent him from interacting maximally. Prufrock ends up being condemned in a world of loneliness isolation. The speaker struggles with the self-identity in the poem. Use of repetitive questions, for example, â€Å"Do I dare disturb the universe?†(Eliot 5) has been used to depict a person who is struggling with finding himself and his real identity as a man. Eliot was a modernist who was concerned with addressing issues that revolved around self-identity but within the larger universal context. Questions of finding meaning in the speaker are evident and the speaker wants the universe to walk

Teaching Creativity in British Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teaching Creativity in British Schools - Essay Example Creative Partnerships brings creative professionals into schools to help educators teach creative skills that those professionals believe are valuable in the workplace (Creative Partnerships 2010). In this way, Creative Partnerships hopes to produce students with a passion for learning who are also likely to be hired by companies after graduation (Princewaterhouse Coopers LLP 2010). On the surface, Creative Partnerships seems like an excellent plan. Encouraging children to meet with artists and other creative practitioners from the workplace would encourage them to study harder and explore their skills to find out in which ways they could succeed too. However, as this report shows, such surface feelings cannot and should not always be taken at face value. Deeper research has dug up a surprising number of flaws and inconsistencies within the Creative Partnerships programme that warrant further investigation. Creative Partnerships was formed in 2002 as a result of the governmental repo rt â€Å"All our Futures†, which was published in 1999 by the National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Educations (Creative Partnerships 2010). ... Instead, the authors argue for education that exposes students to creative thinking, which they believe would build a capacity for original thought and translate into life skills for the students. One point of this report which is the cornerstone of the resulting Creative Partnerships project is the idea that creativity is not innate, but can in fact be taught (National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education 1999). However, despite their desire to include creativity in the workplace outside of simply exposing students to visual or performance art, this area of the programme has been found to be decidedly lacking (House of Commons Education and Skills Committee 2007). Creative Partnerships is fond of repeating that their programme will bring about economic benefit. Primarily, they cite an â€Å"independent research paper† that found an economic benefit of ?15.30 for every ?1.00 invested in the programme (Creative Partnerships 2010; Princewaterhouse Coopers LLP 20 10). However, it is important to note that while Princewaterhouse Coopers is an independent business entity, the study was paid for by Creativity, Culture and Education, which is the governmental agency responsible for overseeing the Creative Partnerships programme. When statements such as â€Å"this flagship creative learning programme fosters long-term partnerships between schools and creative professionals to inspire, open minds and harness the potential of creative learning† are used to describe the supposedly separate organisation, heavy doubt is cast on the impartiality of the report (Princewaterhouse Coopers LLP 2010, p6). Creative Partnerships is not the only creativity or arts programme recently introduced to the English educational curriculum (Jones & Thomson 2008). However, these

Integration question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Integration question - Assignment Example While the basic fundamentals of marketing relating to the process of value creation, value communication, value distribution and value capture essentially remains the same, it can be increasingly said that the application of the processes has changed a lot. Various forms of marketing have emerged with the evolution of technology sponsored platforms, which enhances and multiplies the power of marketing. The secret to marketing still surround the process of retaining existing customers, while going for acquisition of new customers by creating as well as enhancing the demand for products and services, while making the consumers and clients of their enhanced and ever evolving needs. The process of introduction of the US Consumer Bill Of Rights in the year 1963 enhanced the power of consumers by providing the right to information, safety, and choice as well as consumer voice. This led to the emergence of a consumption pattern, where consumers more increasingly focused on the process of ac quisition of materialistic goods. This significantly led to the development of a hyper consuming consumer behavior which contributed towards the development of a significant level of disconnectedness amongst the individuals. This significantly contributed to the development of a consumer attitude which is increasingly looking for more substance and more meaning to their demands. (Euro RSCG Worldwide, 2010b) Lazer in his paper in the year 1969 increasingly highlighted the fact that the marketers were more involved and more interested with the societal and lifestyle trends of the American hyper consuming consumers and this had led to the high level focus on the marketing for the purpose of influencing the consumer behavior with regards to particular products and services. Lazer also increasingly highlighted that the culture of hyper consumption that was existent in the developed countries like America was supposed to spread to other developing and emerging economies and countries, irr espective of the differences existing in terms of culture (Lazer, 1969, p.5). However, in the recent times, there have been massive changes with regards to the macro factors affecting the globe. The world economy has seen a tremendous amount of turmoil, owing to the bust of the housing bubble in the United States in the year 2008, and the simultaneous collapse of Lehmann Brothers, which pushed the world in the brink of an economic catastrophe. As a direct effect of the slowdown around the globe, which was planted by the financial crisis in the US, it can be increasingly said that the organizations around the world embraced the process of downsizing of staff in an attempt to cut down on organizational spending and attempting to sport a more leaner look. As a result of massive job cuts in the advanced Western economies, the consumers in the developed countries experienced a change in consumer behavior. The consumers of advanced countries, owing to the financial crisis, responded in a very significant manner for the purpose of overcoming the financial credit crunch around the world. They became more and more aware of their basic needs and wants, while attempting to curtail

Christology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christology - Essay Example In accordance with the Jewish norm, Jesus went to Jerusalem with His parents and siblings for the annual festivals and offerings. He was baptized in much water by John the Baptist in River Jordan. Before going into full fledged ministry, He sat in the temple with the elders and argued from the scripture. The bible declares that he grew in wisdom and stature and found favor with man and God. In the course of His ministry, He traversed many nations preaching the gospel and healing the sick. He ate with His disciples and went through temptations just like any other human did. The bible records that He â€Å"learnt obedience through what He suffered† (Elwell, 240). He was betrayed by Judas, crucified and was buried in human form. Jesus was also deity thereby prompting Him to assert that Him and the Father are one. Elwell researched and found that most Christians pray in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit (244). On His last day, He prayed that the Father’s w ill be done. Elwell confirms that this was after confirming to the disciples that He would not leave them alone when He was gone, but would send them a helper, the Holy Spirit who would tell them all the will of God. This confirms that Christ is deity (583). Jesus was man and God at the same time. The word of God which was God Himself became flesh and dwelt amongst men.

Integration question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Integration question - Assignment Example While the basic fundamentals of marketing relating to the process of value creation, value communication, value distribution and value capture essentially remains the same, it can be increasingly said that the application of the processes has changed a lot. Various forms of marketing have emerged with the evolution of technology sponsored platforms, which enhances and multiplies the power of marketing. The secret to marketing still surround the process of retaining existing customers, while going for acquisition of new customers by creating as well as enhancing the demand for products and services, while making the consumers and clients of their enhanced and ever evolving needs. The process of introduction of the US Consumer Bill Of Rights in the year 1963 enhanced the power of consumers by providing the right to information, safety, and choice as well as consumer voice. This led to the emergence of a consumption pattern, where consumers more increasingly focused on the process of ac quisition of materialistic goods. This significantly led to the development of a hyper consuming consumer behavior which contributed towards the development of a significant level of disconnectedness amongst the individuals. This significantly contributed to the development of a consumer attitude which is increasingly looking for more substance and more meaning to their demands. (Euro RSCG Worldwide, 2010b) Lazer in his paper in the year 1969 increasingly highlighted the fact that the marketers were more involved and more interested with the societal and lifestyle trends of the American hyper consuming consumers and this had led to the high level focus on the marketing for the purpose of influencing the consumer behavior with regards to particular products and services. Lazer also increasingly highlighted that the culture of hyper consumption that was existent in the developed countries like America was supposed to spread to other developing and emerging economies and countries, irr espective of the differences existing in terms of culture (Lazer, 1969, p.5). However, in the recent times, there have been massive changes with regards to the macro factors affecting the globe. The world economy has seen a tremendous amount of turmoil, owing to the bust of the housing bubble in the United States in the year 2008, and the simultaneous collapse of Lehmann Brothers, which pushed the world in the brink of an economic catastrophe. As a direct effect of the slowdown around the globe, which was planted by the financial crisis in the US, it can be increasingly said that the organizations around the world embraced the process of downsizing of staff in an attempt to cut down on organizational spending and attempting to sport a more leaner look. As a result of massive job cuts in the advanced Western economies, the consumers in the developed countries experienced a change in consumer behavior. The consumers of advanced countries, owing to the financial crisis, responded in a very significant manner for the purpose of overcoming the financial credit crunch around the world. They became more and more aware of their basic needs and wants, while attempting to curtail

Behaviour Management in the Classroom Essay Example for Free

Behaviour Management in the Classroom Essay Knowing how to anticipate and manage problems will ensure that students spend maximum time on task, and those students who are eager to learn are not disadvantaged by a few. I have found there are many different causes of disruptive and inappropriate behavior. These can include factors in and out of a teacher’s control. Factors outside the control of the teacher may include a student’s emotional and psychological factors. A student may have significant distressing issues in their home life such as bereavement or family breakdown for example. Students may also have had negative past experiences at a previous establishment or in the education system in general. Some students may behave inappropriately through boredom or finishing work to quickly, while others misbehave in an attempt to mask undiagnosed learning differences. Conversely, I have experienced students being disruptive in class due to having a special educational need, students with undedicated Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder for example. ‘Some teachers think a well-planned, interesting lesson will by itself prevent disruption. Or that if the teacher is entirely benign and respectful of students, conflict will simply melt away. This isn’t the case. ’ (Petty, 2006, pg3) The teacher themselves can sometimes be a cause of negative behaviour. Some students may act up through boredom as a result of a teacher being unprepared, demotivated or simply not giving enough consideration to lesson design. Bad classroom management can also be a factor, for example, allowing students to play with mobile phones or simply poor seating arrangements, which allow disruptive students to sit together. Review organisational policies relevant to managing behaviour in the learning environment identifying any areas for improvement | Every teaching establishment will have a number of different organizational policies relating to managing behaviour. Appendix A lists the specific policies I have to adhere to in my organisation. The policies are very diverse ranging from a staff code of conduct with pupils, to policies rela ting to effective teaching and learning. The specialist nature of my establishment means there are many policies linked to the welfare and safeguarding of students, including a number of anti-bullying policies (including anti-cyber bullying) to procedures relating to pastoral care. In my opinion, the behavior management policy in my establishment could be improved. There is no consistent approach to managing behavior throughout the organization. It is left to individual teaching staff to use their discretion as to what constitutes disruptive behavior and how to deal with it accordingly. Although the senior managers are usually supportive of teaching staff, It would be beneficial to staff and students for there to be a set procedure we could all follow. |Review ways of encouraging behaviours that contribute to an effective learning environment | |Use strategies for encouraging behaviours that contribute to an effective learning environment | ‘†¦classrooms become much more orderly when rules are stated, or better still negotiated, discussed and fully justified. It seems the little lighters need persuading of the obvious! ’ (Petty, 2006, pg3) There are many strategies to help a teacher limit disruptive behavior during lessons. I find an effective tool for managing behaviour is to set firm ground rules at the beginning of the course. These include clear boundaries, and expectations. If this can be done in consultation with the students it can be extremely effective, as it gives them the responsibility of managing each other’s behavior. It is use ful to note however, that set sanctions must also be clearly defined and followed as a consequence for breaking the rules for this technique to be effective. The use of reward is a good method of encouraging positive behavior, the use of praise, certificates and house points for example. ‘What we can’t do however is ignore disruptive behaviour. If we do, it won’t go away! ’ (LSDA, 2007, pg8) It is important for a teacher to challenge disruptive behaviour immediately and consistently. I feel by trying to make lessons enjoyable and providing work that helps students to achieve minimizes disruptive behaviour. The use of good communication by the teacher can also be a useful tool. This includes the use of the voice, phrasing, eye contact and body language. For example, using an assertive tone when making a request or physically positioning yourself near disruptive students. ‘You should be alert, businesslike, firm and unapologetic. But you must avoid showing anger or frustration even when you feel it. ’ (Petty, 2006, pg19) I feel getting to know students individually and knowing what their interests and expectations are helps. I find by creating a working relationship where students feel valued and respected is key to minimizing inappropriate behavior. In my opinion, the greater amount of respect the pupil has for you, the less likely they will misbehave. I agree with Petty (2006) when he states: ‘prevention the best strategy’ It is also important should a student misbehave that it is dealt with swiftly with the teachers focus being placed on the student’s behaviour, rather than the individual themselves. |Review ways of managing behaviours that disrupt an effective learning environment | No matter how hard you work at perfecting your behaviour management techniques, you will encounter ‘the really challenging-class’ at some point in your career’ (TES,2010) If a situation arises where an individual’s behavior is persistently disruptive, further action may be required to ensure the other students maintain an effective learning environment. The use of graduated sanctions in schools and colleges is a widely recognised, and is a commonly used method of controlling individuals that have not responded to other behavior management strategies. Having the support of heads of departments and senior management teams is crucial for this method to work effectively. I have, on occasion had to follow behaviour management procedures at my organisation that use graduated sanctions. For example, referring disruptive individuals to my head of department. If that student then continues to affect the learning of others they get referred to a member of the senior management team (SMT). The last stage being the Head Master, who has the power to take more serious action if required, such as temporary and permanent exclusions. Summarise own strengths and development needs in relation to managing behaviours that disrupt the learning environment | In general, I feel that managing my student’s behavior is one of my strengths. It is something I have learned, and improved upon through the years in my current teaching position. I have learnt different strategies for minimizing disruptive behaviour through observing other staff in my depar tment, and openly discussing individual cases with other teaching staff. With regards to my personal development, I would like to attend some training to help me manage students with disruptive behavioural disorders, specifically, Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Although I currently teach two individuals diagnosed with this disorder, they can be extremely disruptive in a group environment, and I believe attending training specifically related to managing this type of psychiatric disorder would be extremely beneficial for the future. References Cope, R. G. (2006). How to plan for behaviour development and classroom management : maximising student engagement: Pearson Education.

Genome in Rainbow Trout and Steelhead

Genome in Rainbow Trout and Steelhead (lead author John Whitt) Abstract When being thrown into a different environment those new pressures can lead a population to have fast changes via natural selection. These evolutions can occur at a species level or can occur between two closely related species that have differentiated but share a common ancestor as long as the trait is beneficial for them. Population genetic and quantitative research methods have proven that certain linked areas of the genome in rainbow trout and steelhead are tied to the life history strategies of their species. Using genotype testing on 95 nucleotides it has been determined that the specific chromosome that is responsible for the life history strategies is Omy5. 1.   Introduction Being thrown into a new environment leads to quick changes in a population and the traits may even change in multiple species if they are being acted on be the same environmental forces. Different species who share a common ancestor that develop similar phenotype changes due to the habitat pressures acting on them are said to have parallel evolution. These physical changes may arise from the same genetic change in both species or can stem from different regions in both species that happen to cause the same phenotypic expression. While it is not impossible for parallel evolution to occur from a random new mutation it is much more likely to occur because of a sequence change in existing alleles. It is extremely important for researchers to determine the location of the genes they are testing for and without this, it is impossible to see how evolution is occurring at the genetic level.   It turns out most of the important traits are not controlled by a single genetic or habitat factor . They are often complex and difficult to locate.   The most difficult to genetically locate are traits that affect numerous physical changes, influence the behavior, or have a physiological effect on the species.   The researchers are using advanced techniques like genomic mapping and screening along with sequencing the entire genome of the animals being tested to help locate the area of the genome that is being affected from these rapid evolutions caused by new environments. There have been many genetic studies done on the migration of animals and it commonly accepted that genetics play a major role in the phenotypic differences that accompany these migration characteristics. These threshold traits are determined not only by the physical traits but also by the animals physiological traits. Though migration has all these complex traits that act on it researchers have also found single genes that have effect on the migration of animals as well, so it can also be quite simple at times. The single Clock gene in the Pacific salmonid is a large contributor on when the salmonid migrates.   One of the worlds most abundant and common fish is the Oncorhynchus mykiss. O. mykiss have one of the most comprehensive migratory variations. For example the rainbow trait never leaves freshwater whereas the steelhead are more located in the salt water.   It has been determined that these varying migration tendencies are genetically passed down. Though the differences be tween the steelhead and the rainbow trout are great they are the closest related O. mykiss. Steelheads have more of a complexity when it comes to factors affecting their migration. They have the typical traits that usually affect migration, but also have smoltification which gives them the traits required to go from freshwater to saltwater and ability to travel far.   The rainbow trout on the other hand only keeps the ability to swim in fresh water but gain the ability to sexually reproduce sooner. Past studies have been completed on two populations of O. mykiss that happened to be separated by an environmental barricade. They were then tested for Fst value and found that the loci had the highest values displayed linkage disequilibrium which means that they were not independently assorted. The loci were also genetically located at the same position in both fo the populations. When further tested it was determined that the two populations had 3 loci that had linkage disequilibrium as well as allelic frequency patterns that matched with gnomonic mapping tests that gave the same locations for characteristics growth rate and smoltification. These were all found on the Omy5. These determined that the Omy5 location was responsible for all the traits across populations even if they were separated, meaning that there was no genetic flow going on between the two.   Miller and colleagues goals are to find out how SNPs that coded for physical traits like maturation time, growth rate, an d smolting from past experiments are linked to the Omy5 gene. 2. Material and methods (a) Population samples Using locations from California and Oregon 21 samples of steelhead and rainbow trout were obtained from populations that were separated by natural or artificial barriers. They took the samples from above and below the barriers and also took samples from rainbow trout hatcheries, so that they could have samples from all the life stages. They believed that all of the fish samples that were obtained in the wild were of natural origin, but were not one hundred percent on the status of the hatchery samples. (b) Marker development, genotyping and analysis Miller and colleague discovered 344 single nucleotide polymorphisms that were linked to Omy5 with RAD sequencing from two of the hatchery strains. They created 55 unique SNPtype assays by adding 150bp from cloned BAC strains onto the flanking sequences of the SNP. They also utilized assays that were developed by other researchers.   Miller Pearse et al also used three loci found by Abadia Cardoso and his colleagues.   For the analysis part, they used EP1 systems and followed the recommended protocols. They used two control groups for every array. Linkage disequilibrium as well as, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were test for. Miller and colleagues only counted p-values that were under the Bonferroni-corrected value due to the large number of linked disequilibrium tests. They quantify the Omy5 in different ways. They ranked 55 loci of the Omy5 based on the r2 values and then compared those to rest of the loci. R2 value is calculated by checking to see if an allele is present at two di fferent loci. For example, one could look for allele 1 at locus 1 and locus 2 and then one would check to see if allele 2 is present at locus 1 and locus 2. These result could then be used to calculate r2.  Ã‚   Using statistical packages the researcher visualized linkage disequilibrium of the Omy5 in all of the population sampled. They also computed the amount of linkage association that was over the critical value that was shared between locus and loci. For a reference population Miller Pearse et al used the Scoot Creek steelhead because it had the biggest sample size and have had the greatest polymorphic loci.   To find if there was a link between Omy5 and life history Miller took allele frequencies from all the populations and compared them to one another still using the Scott Creek as a reference population he determined the frequency p for all the sample populations. 3. Results and analysis (a) Genetic data There was a total of 95 single nucleotide polymorphism tested eight of those failed due to not being amplified, did not show signs of polymorphism or werent in line with Mendelian segregation.   This left Miller with 87 loci which were comprised of 55 Omy5 loci and loci from the other 32 were on other linked groups. Of these 87 it was determined that 4 were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (b) Population structure Based on the 32 loci from other linked groups it was determined that they followed a similar trend as that of past studies. Stating that the closer the populations were to each other the more related the populations would be. Miller found when looking at the Omy5 loci it was the opposite meaning the population displayed a high separation between the populations that were separated by the waterfalls or dams. (C) Linkage disequilibrium Miller performed a total of 495 linkage disequilibrium tests on the 32 other linked groups. After the tests were Bonferroni corrected for numerous attempts it was determined that none of those groups had a significant value.   Miller now looked at the loci of the 55 Omy5 groups and the results were that out of 1430 there were a total of 602 that were significant, which gave them a total of 42% of the test samples having a significant p-value. These results conferred that the linkage on Omy5 was, in fact strong. To visualize linkage disequilibrium in all of the populations Miller took the values for the r2 which went from 0.008 0.53 (no units) and used these to order the populations. Miller found that there were 14 loci with r2 values that exceeded the critical value which is 0.9. Once analyzed there obviously a cluster of loci that were in strong linkage disequilibrium. (d) Allele frequency and haplotype variation among populations The results for allelic frequency variations agreed with the linkage disequilibrium analysis performed on the 55 Omy5 loci.   The results also gave groups of the loci whose frequencies were closely related and were linked to populations that were above and below the natural or artificial barriers. Miller took the loci with the greatest average r2 values and labeled them as one linked haplotype. These 30 loci were linked to the steelhead and rainbow trouts life-history strategies.   Miller Pearse et al then used the haplotype to determine the haplotype frequency for the steelhead and rainbow trout by using their average allele frequencies. Miller Pearse et al found that rainbow trout haplotype frequencies were higher in the areas that were above the barriers and had significantly decreased haplotype frequencies in the below barrier populations. This was accurate with the collecting data of the rainbow trout as they were found in the four populations that were taken from above the natural and artificial barriers. Miller and colleagues then compared that new species versus the older species and found that the older species had a great number of Steelhead haplotypes. 4. Discussion Miller concludes that the results prove that adaptation in natural populations can occur rapidly and are caused by the environments pressures that act upon those populations. Miller also states that artificial factors have a higher evolutionary influence on the populations than is seen with natural selection. What is still unclear to Miller is that how these pressures affect the genetic evolution of the populations. For example, if species are undergoing parallel evolution are they just developing similar traits that are better suited for their environment, or are these changes also occur similarly at the genetic level. Miller Pearse et al results imply that the parallel pressures of natural selection are also having parallel affects genetically. These effects are occurring specifically on the Omy5. Which they have concluded to be linked to the life-history patterns of that population and used the data collected from the frequency haplotyping to demonstrate that the population respon ds to environmental pressures that are acting on them.   The Omy5 also acts as a command center of some sorts and controls actions like migration. Looking to the past Millers et al experiment is in line with others performed. There have been experiments that have used different populations of sticklebacks and moved them from their normal saltwater environment to a new freshwater environment which resulted in the loss of defensive traits like armor. There are also examples of Scott Creek population that went through a pigmentation change even though it resulted in a reduction in the fitness of the population.   Miller hypothesis that life-history strategies are linked to the genetic of the population, specifically at the Omy5 region is supported by his and these past experiments. There is also evidence from past experiments that suggest that Omy5 has resistance to recombination, and is likely due to chromosome inversion. This is interesting because the region that is responsible for the change in life-history patterns is resistant to change. Could look at this like the population of O. mykiss do not want to change those traits .   It is also important to note that it is not hundred percent sure exactly what traits are being affected by the Omy5 section of the genome. It is known that the Clock gene is within the Omy5 region. The Clock gene has been linked to smolting and it is hypothesized that sense smolting is extremely complicated that there are multiple genes that are responsible for its coding. (a) Conservation implication. Miller also states that his results are showing a decrease in rainbow trout in older above barrier location and the hypothesis that if enough time passes there might be no rainbow trout in above barrier locations due to the migration history patterns of these fish, so far his hypothesis seems to accurate, because all of the rainbow trout they collected were below the barriers.   He also states that because of the artificial barriers that do not allow the populations to make migration chooses of their own that it locks them into this cycle even more. Meaning that if they were natural barriers the fish might be able to find a way past them, but since they are artificial barriers like dams that are meant to block passage that the above barrier and below barrier populations are going to stay separated.   Miller Pearse et al discusses the effects of large closed bodies of waters or reservoirs and states that these could be the reason for the higher frequency of rainbow trout haplotype since these environments favor their population more so than the steelhead. Miller and his colleagues experiment give many facts about the rapid evolution due to environmental pressures caused by a change in habitat, but they also provide some more subtle information that may be lost in the numbers. Millers experiment shows declining number of rainbow trout in older areas and presents facts about how artificial barriers affect the different population of fishes. The article also discusses how only the fish that are below the barriers are protected.   This is probably not the best way to try and keep these fish population from being endangered. The reason being that both species share such a close ancestor that they are both able to produce the same phenotypes, which should result in both of them being protected.

The Impact of the Media on anti-Communist Sentiment and the Palmer Raid

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After World War One and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, fear of communism was escalating in America. Everybody seemed to fear the so-called â€Å"Red Menace†, a term introduced by Edgar J. Hoover. Partnering with Hoover was a man named A. Mitchell Palmer, head of the Justice Department. Palmer became a leader in the fight against communism. He most likely was prompted by being a target of one of the infamous 1919 bombings (Dumenil 220). Palmer wanted to be known as the embodiment of Americanism, fighting all that threatened our society. He also had future hopes of running for the  Presidency. With anti-communistic attitudes building throughout the country, Palmer rounded up 500 federal agents on the night of January 2nd, 1920 to sweep through various towns in America capturing â€Å"reds†. These were called the Palmer Raids. Thousands of immigrants were arrested and held without due process. They were given no rights when arrested and their homes were raided without warrants. Eventually 240 immigrants were deported to Russia as a result of these raids.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The people of America were afraid their way of life was being threatened by the communists. Overwhelming fear of communism seemed to capture the whole attitude of our country in the early 1920’s. The fuel to this fire against communism, would have to be the media. I believe the media caused an escalation in the anti-Communist feelings during the times leading up to and during the Palmer Raids.   Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many ways the media influences society, but in the 1920’s the main source was newspapers. The New York Times was one of the most popular and prestigious papers of this time and also one of the most influential. Many people had fait in what they read and never second gu... ... Guest, Edward A.   â€Å"Heaven On Earth.†Ã‚   Detroit Free Press Magazine 11 Jan. 1920: 2 Hoyt, Edwin.   The Palmer Raids, 1919-1920 An Attempt to Suppress Dissent. New York:   The Seabury Press. Murray, Robert. Red Scare: A Study In National Hysteria, 1919-1920. Minnesota: North   Central Publishing, 1955. â€Å"Reds Plotted Country Wide Strike Arrests Exceeded 5,000, 2,635 Held; 3 Transports Ready For Them† New York Times 4 Jan 1920: 1 Remelgas, Alexandra. â€Å"News Reporting And Editorial Interpretation Of The Palmer Raids 1919-1920 By Three Detroit Newspapers: A Study† Thesis For Degree Of M.A. MSU, 1970,       Shulam, Alix.   To the Barricades: The anarchist Life Of Emma Goldman. New York.  Ã‚   Thomas and Crowell Company, 1971. Who Built America, v. II. â€Å"Between to Wars – The Palmer Raids.† CD Rom. 25 January  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2000.   http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/hist409/red.html